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Query: UMLS:C0004610 (bacteremia)
 13,199 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An in vitro antibiotic susceptibility assay for Staphylococcus aureus biofilms developed on 96-well polystyrene tissue culture plates was performed to elucidate the activity of the 27 residues cathelicidin peptide BMAP-28, quinupristin/dalfopristin (Q/D), linezolid, and vancomycin. Efficacy studies were performed in a rat model of staphylococcal CVC infection. Silastic catheters were implanted into the superior cava. Twenty-four hours after implantation the catheters were filled with BMAP-28. Thirty minutes later rats were challenged via the CVC with 1.0x10(6) CFU of S. aureus strain Smith diffuse. Administration of antibiotics into the CVC at a concentration equal to the MBC observed using adherent cells, or at a much higher concentration (1024 microg/mL) began 24 h later. The inhibition activities of all antibiotics against adherent bacteria were at least two-four-fold lower that against freely growing cells. When antibiotics were used in BMAP-28 pre-treated wells, they showed higher activities. The in vivo studies showed that when CVCs were pre-treated with BMAP-28 or with a high dose of antibiotics, biofilm bacterial load was reduced from 10(7) to 10(3) CFU/mL and bacteremia reduced from 10(3) to 10(1) CFU/mL. When CVCs were treated with both BMAP-28 and antibiotics, biofilm bacterial load was further decreased to 10(1) CFU/mL and bacteremia was not detected. These results suggest that CVC pre-treated with BMAP-28 represents an attractive choice for the treatment of device-related infections caused by staphylococci.
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PMID:Pre-treatment of central venous catheters with the cathelicidin BMAP-28 enhances the efficacy of antistaphylococcal agents in the treatment of experimental catheter-related infection. 1662 Nov 47

The ability of microorganisms to adhere to medical implants is a problem of high visibility and has been focused in numerous investigations. To assess the efficacy of distinctin and conventional antibiotics in the treatment of central venous catheter in vitro and in vivo studies were performed. The in vitro susceptibility assay was performed against S. aureus biofilms developed on 96-well polystyrene tissue culture plates. Efficacy studies were performed in a rat model of CVC infection. Twenty-four hours after implantation, the catheters were filled with distinctin. Thirty minutes later, rats were challenged via the CVC with S. aureus. Administration of antibiotics into the CVC at a concentration equal to the MBC for adherent cells, or at 1024 microg/mL began 24 h later. The killing activities of all antibiotics against adherent bacteria were at least four- to eightfold lower than against freely growing cells. When antibiotics were used in distinctin pretreated wells, they showed a significant increase of activity. The in vivo studies showed that when CVCs were pretreated with distinctin biofilm bacterial load was further decreased to 10(1) CFU/mL and bacteremia was not detected. Distinctin displays potential as an adjunctive agent to antibiotics in the treatment of CVC-related infections.
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PMID:Distinctin improves the efficacies of glycopeptides and betalactams against staphylococcal biofilm in an experimental model of central venous catheter infection. 1712 Feb 14

Enterococci are part of the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract. Intra-abdominal and genitourinary enterococcal infections may be complicated by enterococcal bacteremia. Most strains of enterococci fecal flora in antibiotic-naive patients are E. faecalis. Because nearly all E. faecalis strains are sensitive to vancomycin, E. faecalis is synonymous with vancomycin-sensitive enterococci (VSE). E. faecium, which is nearly always vancomycin-resistant, is termed vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). High-grade continuous enterococcal bacteremias may result in endocarditis. Persistent VSE and VRE bacteremias may be related to device-associated infections; intra-abdominal, pelvic, and/or renal abscesses; or enterococcal endocarditis. If these causes of persistent enterococcal bacteremia are eliminated, microbiologic and antimicrobial therapy-related causes for persistent bacteremia should be considered. We present a case of a male with a E. faecalis (VSE) bacteremia unresponsive to parenteral vancomycin therapy but sensitive to vancomycin in vitro (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 1 microg/mL). The patient was treated with high-dose daptomycin (12 mg/kg intravenously [IV] q 24 hours) empirically pending susceptibility testing. High-dose daptomycin therapy cleared the patient's E. faecalis bacteremia. Subsequently, it was determined that the strain of E. faecalis was "tolerant" of vancomycin (MIC = 1 microg/mL, MBC = >64 microg/mL). We believe this is the first case of enterococcal (VSE) bacteremia unresponsive to vancomycin tolerant strain of E. faecalis that responded to high-dose daptomycin (12 mg/kg IV q 24 hours) therapy.
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PMID:E. faecalis vancomycin-sensitive enterococcal bacteremia unresponsive to a vancomycin tolerant strain successfully treated with high-dose daptomycin. 1800 8

The antimicrobial susceptibility to ten antibiotics of 197 staphylococcal isolates recovered over a 10-year period from patients with vascular catheter-related bacteremia was examined. Isolated organisms induced methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (95 isolates), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (42 isolates) and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (60 isolates). A microtiter assay was used to determine the MIC and MBC of individual antibiotics and to conduct time-kill studies of certain drug combinations. The activity of clidamycin, cefamandole and oxacillin was generally restricted to methicillin-sensitive organisms, whereas daptomycin, novobiocin, teicoplanin and vancomycin exhibited bactericidal activity against all tested staphylococcal species. Bacterial resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected among the more recent isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Minocycline and rifampin demonstrated bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity, respectively, against all groups of organisms. The interaction of rifampin with minocycline, vancomycin, or novobiocin was generally indifferent. The results of this study support the ongoing efforts for evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of vascular catheters coated with the combination of minocycline and rifampin.
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PMID:Antibiotic susceptibility of staphylococcal isolates from patients with vascular catheter-related bacteremia: potential role of the combination of minocycline and rifampin. 1861 82


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