Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0004610 (bacteremia)
 13,199 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis in neonates and has been found to persist inside host phagocytic cells. The pore-forming GBS beta-hemolysin/cytolysin (betaH/C) encoded by cylE is an important virulence factor as demonstrated in several in vivo models. Interestingly, cylE deletion results not only in the loss of betaH/C activity, but also in the loss of a carotenoid pigment of unknown function. In this study, we sought to define the mechanism(s) by which cylE may contribute to GBS phagocyte resistance and increased virulence potential. We found that cylE-deficient GBS was more readily cleared from a mouse's bloodstream, human whole blood, and isolated macrophage and neutrophil cultures. Survival was linked to the ability of betaH/C to induce cytolysis and apoptosis of the phagocytes. At a lower bacterial inoculum, cylE also contributed to enhanced survival within phagocytes that was attributed to the ability of carotenoid to shield GBS from oxidative damage. In oxidant killing assays, cylE mutants were shown to be more susceptible to hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, superoxide, and singlet oxygen. Together, these data suggest a mechanism by which the linked cylE-encoded phenotypes, betaH/C (sword) and carotenoid (shield), act in partnership to thwart the immune phagocytic defenses.
 ...
PMID:Sword and shield: linked group B streptococcal beta-hemolysin/cytolysin and carotenoid pigment function to subvert host phagocyte defense. 1538 63

Vascular access in hemodialysis is a major point of concern in the management of chronic patients. Although arteriovenous fistula remains as the access of first choice, tunneled central venous catheters are still commonly used. Infection remains the principal cause of catheter dysfunction or loss. Many protocols have been used in order to prevent exit site infections and bacteremia. We describe our experience with the use of sodium hypochlorite, an electrolytic chloroxidizer used as a topical disinfectant. It has been shown to be active against a broad spectrum of potential pathogens and has other specific advantages compared to other cleansing agents, including its non-toxic, non-irritating nature and its low cost. We conclude that sodium hypochlorite solution in different concentrations (10 and 50%) is effective in preventing exit site infections and bacteremia associated with tunneled central venous catheters in chronic hemodialysis patients.
 ...
PMID:Effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite in the prevention of catheter related infections. 1709 4

We report a case of bacteremia secondary to Cupriavidus pauculus in a 15-month-old boy on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The source of the organism was water in the thermoregulator reservoir. The child responded well to cefepime and ciprofloxacin, a delayed oxygenator change out and replacement of the thermoregulator reservoir with a unit that was cleaned and decontaminated with sodium hypochlorite. Isolation of Cupriavidus pauculus from a patient on ECMO support should raise suspicion of the reservoir as a source.
...
PMID:Cupriavidus pauculus bacteremia in a child on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. 2507 51

Although it can be prevented, catheter-related bacteremia is common and dangerous. The antiseptics most widely used during insertion of peripheral venous catheters (PVCs) include povidone iodine, alcohol, and chlorhexidine. Another widely used antiseptic is a solution of 0.057 g sodium hypochlorite. This pilot study explored the contamination rate of the PVC tip inserted after skin decontamination with sodium hypochlorite. Culture analysis of the tips of the PVCs inserted into the 42 participants showed 7 (16.7%) colonized catheters. The results of this pilot study suggest taking into serious consideration the assessment of this antiseptic in randomized experimental studies.
...
PMID:Use of sodium hypochlorite for skin antisepsis before inserting a peripheral venous catheter: a pilot study. 2523 Jul 48

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a major pathogen for diarrhea in hospitalized patients and because of outbreak of highly virulent strain in EU and US, increased length of hospital stay and increased numbers of severe patients and deaths have become major challenges. In recent years, transmissions through community-acquired or food-borne infections are reported. National surveillance has been already performed overseas. Guidelines for preventing C. difficile infection (CDI) is available, and education activities are promoted for preventing the infection spread. Meanwhile, in Japan, medical hospitals are reporting individual CDI incidence, however, a large-scale research has not been conducted up to the present date and therefore the entire status of CDI including infection of the highly virulent strain has yet to be revealed. This time, we performed a questionnaire-based survey at 2,537 hospitals nationwide between April 15, 2013 and May 31, 2013 to investigate CDI incidence, diagnosis and treatment. Valid responses were obtained from 321 hospitals. Regarding the annual number of CDI patients at all the hospitals, the highest group of hospitals responding "1 to 5 patients a year" was 17.8%, and the second highest group of hospitals responding "no patients a year" was 13.1%. In contrast, there was a group of hospitals with "more than 101 patients a year", which was 3.1%. This indicates that there was the difference in the CDI incidences among hospitals. According to the questionnaire results, a highest group of hospitals responding "0-20%" for CDI patients with serious complication such as toxic megacolon, gastrointestinal perforation, ileus paralytic, bacteremia, sepsis, crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis was 62.6%, and for CDI patients with recurrence more than one, a group of hospitals answering "0 to 20%" was 56.4%, which was the highest. This suggested that there was only a small number of serious CDI patients and recurrence CDI patients in Japan. For rapid toxin detection kit used in CDI diagnosis, a group of hospitals using "C. DIFF QUIK CHEK COMPLETE" was over 40%, which showed that the kit was a major product used in Japan. And a group of institutions responding that they will start antibacterial medication such as vancomycin (VCM) and metronidazole (MNZ) as soon as after rapid diagnostic test, etc. showing positive results was over 70%. As for CDI treatment, a highest group of hospitals answering that VCM is administered orally at a dose of "0.5 g four times daily" was 42.1%, and a group of hospitals responding "10 to 14 days" for administration period was 44.2%, which was the highest. A highest group of hospitals answering that MNZ is administered orally at a dose of "250 mg four times daily" was 38.3%, and a group of hospitals responding "10 to 14 days" for administration period was 46.4%, which was the highest. Apart from VCM and MNZ, probiotics are also used for CDI treatment, "butyric acid bacterium" accounted for 40.8% in the probiotics group, which was the highest, followed by "bifidobacteria" 37.7% and "resistant lactic acid bacterium" 25.6%. To prevent the spread of CDI, 47.7% of the hospitals responded that the patients are "isolated", while 25.6% answered the patients are "sometimes isolated", which means that more than 70% of patients are "isolated or sometimes isolated". As to what type of antiseptic drug is used for sterilizing hospital, 68.2% of the hospitals answered that they are using "sodium hypochlorite 1,000 ppm". The survey more than 300 hospitals have revealed not only the CDI incidences, timing of toxin test, and part of the actual therapeutic strategy at medical institutions in Japan but also the difference in the CDI incidences and therapeutic strategy among hospitals. In the future, epidemiological data on epidemic strain will be accumulated more in Japan as are done overseas, and guidelines for CDI diagnosis and treatment will need to be formulated.
 ...
PMID:[Recent epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection in Japan]. 2700 98