Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0004610 (bacteremia)
 13,199 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Severe sepsis and progression to septic shock in solid organ transplant recipients is associated with a high mortality. We describe a fulminant case of septic shock in a liver transplant recipient caused by Pasteurella multocida, a gram-negative coccobacillus most commonly associated with domestic cats and dogs. P. multocida is a rare cause of bacteremia and has not been reported as a cause of septic shock following liver transplantation. In addition to standard therapy, the patient was managed with drotrecogin alpha (activated) recombinant activated protein C (APC), an evidence-based agent that has been shown to significantly improve outcome in severe sepsis in the non-transplant population. The known risk factors, clinical course, and outcomes of severe infection associated with P. multocida are also briefly reviewed. This case illustrates the need for transplant recipients and their healthcare providers to carefully consider the risk of severe infection associated with domestic animal exposure.
 ...
PMID:Pasteurella multocida septic shock following liver transplantation treated with drotrecogin alpha (activated). 1769 71

Differential expression of pneumococcal virulence proteins has been demonstrated. We previously demonstrated challenge route-dependent differences in pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC) expression during bacteremia. In this study, we investigated differences in PspC expression during the transition of pneumococci from the peritoneum to the blood. Time course analysis of PspC expression using flow cytometry demonstrated that Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 collected from blood expressed significantly more PspC than did D39 collected from the peritoneum of intraperitoneally (i.p.)-infected mice. Various challenge models were then used to determine whether host responses originating from the peritoneum can influence PspC expressed by pneumococci in the blood. Using heat-inactivated D39 (HI-D39) and sterile peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF), we investigated whether stimulation of peritoneal responses can influence PspC expression. Injection of mice i.p. with HI-D39 or PDF immediately prior to intravenous (i.v.) infection with D39 caused a significant increase in PspC expressed by D39 in the blood. Finally, we used cytokine array analysis to investigate specific inflammatory mediators that may result in differential PspC expression. Of the 96 inflammatory cytokines assayed, D39 i.p. challenge led to increased expression of 33 cytokines in serum; whereas D39 i.v. challenge led to increased expression of 15 and decreased expression of 11 cytokines relative to serum of the uninfected control. These results indicate that PspC is differentially regulated during growth in vivo and that the level of expression varies depending on the host environment.
 ...
PMID:Peritoneal challenge modulates expression of pneumococcal surface protein C during bacteremia in mice. 1816 Apr 74

Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococci cause severe human disease, and there are currently no vaccines available. We evaluated whether manganese transport protein C (MntC), which is conserved across the staphylococcal species group, could confer protection against S. aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In vivo analysis of S. aureus MntC expression revealed that expression occurs very early during the infectious cycle. Active immunization with MntC was effective at reducing the bacterial load associated with S. aureus and S. epidermidis infection in an acute murine bacteremia model. Anti-MntC monoclonal antibodies have been identified that can bind S. aureus and S. epidermidis cells and are protective in an infant rat passive protection model and induce neutrophil respiratory burst activity. This is the first description of a protein that has the potential to provide protection across the staphylococcal species group.
 ...
PMID:Staphylococcus aureus manganese transport protein C is a highly conserved cell surface protein that elicits protective immunity against S. aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. 2247 33

A variety of clinical and laboratory parameters have been used to predict bacteremia. We hypothesize that the generation of a cytokine profile could be used to identify patients at higher risk of bacteremia at the time of presentation with febrile neutropenia. We prospectively evaluated children with cancer who presented with an episode of febrile neutropenia. A multiplexed flow cytometric assay was performed which measured 15 cytokines and chemokines obtained before the initiation of antibiotics. Fifty-eight episodes of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia were included in this study during which 4 patients (7%) had bacteremia. An interleukin-5 level of >8 pg/dL had a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 96% to predict bacteremia. An monocyte chemotactic protein-1 level >1650 pg/dL had a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 82% to predict bacteremia. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, protein C, and other cytokines/chemokines were not predictive of bacteremia. Elevations of interleukin-5 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 are predictive of bacteremia in children with cancer who have febrile neutropenia. Prospective studies should be undertaken to determine whether these parameters retain predictive value in a larger series of patients and can select children for outpatient management or early discharge.
 ...
PMID:Predictive value of interleukin-5 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 for bacteremia in children with febrile neutropenia. 2258 76

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a fundamental host response common to bacterial infection and sterile tissue injury. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome can cause organ dysfunction and death, but its mechanisms are incompletely understood. Moreover, SIRS can progress to organ failure or death despite being sterile or after control of the inciting infection. Biomarkers discriminating between sepsis, sterile SIRS, and postinfective SIRS would therefore help direct care. Circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a damage-associated molecular pattern reflecting cellular injury. Circulating bacterial 16S DNA (bDNA) is a pathogen-associated pattern (PAMP) reflecting ongoing infection. We developed quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays to quantify these markers, and predicting their plasma levels might help distinguish sterile injury from infection. To study these events in primates, we assayed banked serum from Papio baboons that had undergone a brief challenge of intravenous Bacillus anthracis delta Sterne (modified to remove toxins) followed by antibiotics (anthrax) that causes organ failure and death. To investigate the progression of sepsis to "severe" sepsis and death, we studied animals where anthrax was pretreated with drotrecogin alfa (activated protein C), which attenuates sepsis in baboons. We also contrasted lethal anthrax bacteremia against nonlethal E. coli bacteremia and against sterile tissue injury from Shiga-like toxin 1. Bacterial DNA and mtDNA levels in timed samples were correlated with blood culture results and assays of organ function. Sterile injury by Shiga-like toxin 1 increased mtDNA, but bDNA was undetectable: consistent with the absence of infection. The bacterial challenges caused parallel early bDNA and mtDNA increases, but bDNA detected pathogens even after bacteria were undetectable by culture. Sublethal E. coli challenge only caused transient rises in mtDNA consistent with a self-limited injury. In lethal anthrax challenge (n = 4), bDNA increased transiently, but mtDNA levels remained elevated until death, consistent with persistent septic tissue damage after bacterial clearance. Critically, activated protein C pretreatment (n = 4) allowed mtDNA levels to decay after bacterial clearance with sparing of organ function and survival. In summary, host tissue injury correlates with mtDNA whether infective or sterile. Mitochondrial DNA and bDNA polymerase chain reactions can quantify tissue injury incurred by septic or sterile mechanisms and suggest the source of SIRS of unknown origin.
 ...
PMID:Plasma bacterial and mitochondrial DNA distinguish bacterial sepsis from sterile systemic inflammatory response syndrome and quantify inflammatory tissue injury in nonhuman primates. 2324 28


<< Previous 1 2