Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004610 (bacteremia)
 13,199 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rapid diagnosis of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis is possible using immunological tests for capsular antigen (polyribophosphate, PRP), such as countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and latex particle agglutination (LPA). We compared two tests in monkeys with evolving, serially quantitated H. influenzae type b bacteremia (n = 23) and meningitis (n = 21). In vitro, the LPA test was sensitive to 0.5 ng of PRP/ml of saline, and the CIE test was sensitive to 1.0 ng/ml; in serum, however, CIE detected 5.0 ng of PRP/ml, whereas the sensitivity of LPA was unchanged. LPA detected PRP earlier in the course of bacteremia (mean, 12 h after onset; range, 4 to 36 h) than did CIE (mean, 45 h; range, 4 to 168 h) (P less than 0.01). A positive LPA test required greater than or equal to 100 bacteria per ml of blood, whereas CIE required greater than or equal to 1,000/ml. PRP accumulated with continuing blood stream infection, aiding detection of low-grade bacteremia. LPA detected antigen in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) earlier in the course of meningitis and at a lower bacteria density than did CIE. Both methods detected antigen reliably with greater than or equal to 1,000 bacteria per ml of CSF. A close correlation existed between CSF concentrations of capsular antigen and bacteria (r = 0.90, P less than 0.001). We conclude that the LPA method permits earlier diagnosis of H. influenzae type b infection in part because of its greater sensitivity.
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PMID:Comparison of two antigen detection techniques in a primate model of Haemophilus influenzae type b infection. 11 34

Complement-mediated bactericidal and opsonic activity of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide (polyribosyl ribitol phosphate [PRP]) were investigated. The antibody sources were IgG1 or IgG2 subclass polyclonal antibody fractions prepared by immunoabsorption of sera from adults immunized with PRP or PRP-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine or clonally purified anti-PRP antibodies from eight adults immunized with PRP vaccine. In bactericidal assays using an inoculum of 3 x 10(3) colony-forming units (cfu)/ml, twofold lower concentrations of IgG1 compared with IgG2 antibody were required for 50% killing. With approximately 10(6) cfu/ml, IgG1 antibody killed 3 logs more of bacteria than were killed by comparable concentrations of IgG2 antibody. The IgG1 antibody also required lower concentrations of complement than did the IgG2 antibody for comparable bacteriolytic activity. Clonally purified IgG1 and IgG2 anti-PRP antibodies from most individuals showed similar relative differences in bactericidal activity. IgG1 anti-PRP antibody was also more efficient than IgG2 anti-PRP antibody in enhancing the uptake of radiolabeled type b H. influenzae by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the presence of complement and in protecting infant rats from developing bacteremia. However, the differences in opsonic or protective activity of the two subclasses were smaller than the differences in bactericidal activity. Thus, IgG1 anti-PRP antibody is functionally more effective than IgG2 antibody, but it is likely that both subclasses can confer protection against disease.
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PMID:Bactericidal and opsonic activity of IgG1 and IgG2 anticapsular antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b. 235 93

The biologic activity of different human IgG subclass antibodies directed against the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular polysaccharide (PRP) was compared by using an in vitro complement-mediated bactericidal assay and an in vivo passive protection assay in infant rats. An IgG pool was made by Sephacryl S-300 chromatography of sera from adults immunized with PRP vaccine. An IgG2 subclass fraction was prepared by column immunoabsorption of the IgG pool with anti-IgG1 monoclonal antibody. An IgG1 subclass fraction was eluted from the affinity matrix. IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 concentrations in the fractions were measured by solid-phase competitive radioimmunoassays, and anti-PRP antibody was measured by a modified Farr assay. Each fraction was greater than 90% pure IgG2 or IgG1, respectively. There were no significant differences in the minimal anti-PRP antibody concentrations required to kill 50% of Hib cells in vitro (IgG, 0.22; IgG1, 0.21; and IgG2, 0.42 microgram/ml). Similarly, equivalent amounts of anti-PRP antibody of the IgG1 or IgG2 fractions protected against bacteremia (IgG1, 0.12; IgG2, 0.24 microgram per rat). IgG absorbed to remove anti-PRP antibody was neither bactericidal nor protective. Thus IgG1 and IgG2 anti-PRP antibody have equivalent functional activities against Hib as determined by these biologic assays.
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PMID:Functional activity of different IgG subclass antibodies against type b capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae. 348 28

The present study describes a strategy to rationally design fully synthetic glycopeptide conjugate vaccines. Glycopeptide immunogens were constructed by coupling synthetic oligosaccharides comprising repeating units of synthetic 3-beta-D-ribose-(1-1)-D-ribitol-5-phosphate (sPRP) to synthetic peptides containing potent T-helper cell determinants and B-cell epitopes of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) outer membrane proteins (OMPs) P1, P2, and P6. Rabbit immunogenicity studies revealed that some of these fully synthetic glycoconjugates were capable of eliciting high titers of both anti-PRP and anti-OMP immunoglobulin G antibodies. In addition, we systematically investigated the factors which could influence their immunogenicity. We observed that the magnitude of the anti-PRP antibody response markedly depended on the relative spatial orientation of sPRP and T-cell epitopes, the anti-PRP antibody response was enhanced when a multiple antigenic peptide was used as a carrier, the anti-PRP antibody response was optimal for three PRP repeating units, and lipidation of peptide-PRP conjugates had a minimal effect on the magnitude of the anti-PRP antibody response. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that coupling a carbohydrate hapten to a peptide can provide T-cell help and convert it into a T-cell-dependent antigen. The antisera raised against these conjugates were also found to be protective against Hib infection in the infant rat model of bacteremia.
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PMID:A strategy for rational design of fully synthetic glycopeptide conjugate vaccines. 939 76

Milk and colostrum is a rich source of proteins/peptides which have crucial roles in both neonates and adults. Milk bioactive proteins and peptides are potential health-enhancing nutraceuticals for food. Many bioactive peptides/proteins may be used as nutraceuticals, for example, in the treatment of cancer, asthma, diarrhea, hypertension, thrombosis, dental diseases, as well as mineral malabsorption, and immunodeficiency. The following components of milk are of particular interest in the recent years: 1) Lactoferrin [Lf] has antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasite and antitumor activities and accelerates immunomodulatory properties. Lf is a potent inhibitor for several enveloped and naked viruses, such as rotavirus, enterovirus and adenovirus. Lf is resistant to tryptic digestion and breast-fed infants excrete high levels of faecal Lf, so that its effect on viruses replicating in the gastrointestinal tract is of great interest. 2) Casein has been protective in experimental bacteremia by eliciting myelopoiesis. Casein hydrolyzates were also protective in diabetic animals, reduced the tumor growth and diminished colicky symptoms in infants. 3) A Proline rich polypeptide [PRP] revealed variety of immunotropic functions, including promotion of T-cell activation and inhibition of autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis. 4) alpha-Lactalbumin [LA] demonstrates antiviral, antitumor and anti-stress properties. 5) Lactoperoxidase shows antibacterial properties. 6) Lysozyme is effective in treatment of periodentitis and prevention of tooth decay. Taken together, milk-derived proteins and peptides are bio-available and safe for the prevention and treatment of various disorders in humans and may play a complementary [natural agents] rather than a substitutional role to the toxic synthetic pharmacological drugs.
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PMID:Molecular and biotechnological advances in milk proteins in relation to human health. 1968 55

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) causes meningitis bacteremia and epiglottitis, dangerous infections, which occur mainly in children under five years of age. Incidence of Hib meningitis in that age group in Iceland was 43/100.000 1974-1988. In the fall of 1988 Icelandic health authorities decided to offer infant immunisation against Hib with PRP-D (ProHIBiT(R)) vaccine, product of Connaught Ltd, Canada. Results are presented of this immunisation programme which has been running since spring 1989. The vaccine is administered at the age of three, four, six and 14 months. During the first year of the immunisation programme one dose was offered to children aged 15 months up to end of third year. During the 10 years 1980-1989, 92 children had Hib meningitis, 61 Hib bacteremia or arthritis and 21 acute epiglottitis. During the five years 1990-1994 no child had Hib meningitis or epiglottitis but three had Hib bacteremia. Hib strains were 10-16% of Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from surface swabs from 0-5 years old children at different periods until spring 1991 but became very scarse after that. Anti-PRP antibodies in blood measured <0.15 u.g/ ml in 20% of children after three doses of vaccine but >1.0j.ig/ml in 95% after four doses. No fully immunized child has had invasive Hib disease, but one had meningitis and two bacteremia after one dose of vaccine and one bacteremia after three doses. In 1993 21 fully immunized three to four years old children received a booster dose of PRP-D. Geometric Mean Titer of anti-PRP was 1.11 jig/ml before and 137.11u.g/ml after the dose. Mean antibodies against diphtheria were 0.37 IU before and 11.69 IU after the dose. It remains uncertain how long anti-PRP will last in vaccinees when Hib strains disappear.
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PMID:[Immunization against Haemophilus influenzae type b in Iceland. Results after six years use of PRP-D (ProHIBiT(R).]. 2006 89

A 61-year-old patient was affected by flaccid paraplegia for 20 years because of post-traumatic medullar injury caused by an accidental fall, with stage IV sacral pressure ulcer for 3 years. The patient later developed stage IV sacral pressure ulcer. After 6 months, a new granulation tissue formation appeared in the wound and a reduction of its diameter was observed (length 20 cm, width 15 cm, depth 5 cm). We therefore treated the wound with PRP (platelet rich plasma) intra-lesion and peri-lesional injections. The wounds were covered with three-dimensional polymerised hyaluronic acid medicated biologic dressing. After the surgery, a moderate reduction in diameter and the depth was observed. Super-oxidised solution (SOS-Dermacyn) was applied to control infection locally together with negative pressure to control the exudate and the local bacteremia, to avoid infectious complications without application of systematic antibiotic therapy.
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PMID:Combined use of super-oxidised solution with negative pressure for the treatment of pressure ulcers: case report. 2262 74