Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004610 (bacteremia)
 13,199 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acute otitis media was produced in 110 chinchillas by inoculation of type 23 Streptococcus pneumoniae directly into the middle ear cavity by tympanotomy. During the first three days after inoculation, inflammatory cells were seen in the mucoperiosteum of the middle ear. After four to seven days, there was purulent exudation in the middle ear cavity, and 40% of the animals had pneumococcal meningitis and/or bacteremia. The middle ears were sterile in five of 28 animals sacrificed during the second week and in six of seven animals sacrificed at six weeks, although subepithelial changes persisted in the mucoperiosteum. Levels of antibody to S. pneumoniae in serum were measured by radioimmunoassay; mean values were 6.1 ng of pneumococcal antibody nitrogen/ml in 28 uninfected control animals and 16.5 ng of antibody nitrogen/ml in 29 animals sacrificed two weeks after inoculation (P less than 0.025). Opsonic activity of serum against S. pneumoniae was evaluated in infected and uninfected chinchillas. The opsonic titer was significantly higher in infected animals sacrificed at six weeks than in uninfected controls. Although pneumococcal polysaccharide antigen was found by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in 25 of 30 middle ear effusions, it could not be detected in the serum from infected animals. Methods for infection and sacrifice of chinchillas yielded reproducible results. This model should permit evaluation of the pathologic response to other serotypes of S. pneumoniae and possibly to prophylactic and therapeutic regimes.
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PMID:Experimental otitis media due to Streptococcus pneumoniae: immunopathogenic response in the chinchilla. 1 36

Only a few pneumococcal serotypes are responsible for the majority of cases of acute otitis media due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in children. The immunopathogenesis of otitis media cause by two serotypes, type 3 and 23, was studied in chinchillas. Chinchillas with type 23 pneumococcal otitis media were capable of clearing the infection over a six-week period without treatment, whereas the type 3 infection persisted throughout the six-week study. In addition, bacteremia or meningitis occurred more frequently and earlier with type 3 pneumococcal otitis media than with type 23. The resolution of the type 23 pneumococcal infection paralleled the development of type-specific antibody, as measured by radioimmunoassay, whereas type 3 infection was associated with a fall in serum antibody to low levels. Since the pathogenesis of pneumococcal otitis media in the chinchilla differs between pneumococcal serotypes, it may be important to correlate pneumococcal serotypes with sequealae and recurrence of otitis media in children.
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PMID:Comparison otitis media due to types 3 and 23 Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Chinchilla model. 1 39

For a period of 17 months, 670 pneumococci, mostly isolated in the Paris area, have been typed with contercurrent-immunoelectrophoresis ; 338 of them come from cases of pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis and acute otitis media. An important regrouping of the most frequent serotypes among the 83 known serotypes makes possible a vaccinal prophylaxis. The tetradecavalent vaccine which is now for sale in USA gives, in the four main pathologies of this enquiry, a coverage superior to 80 percent. Choosing the 14 most frequent serotypes of the four main pathologies of their data the authors propose the following vaccinal formula : 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 23.
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PMID:[Pneumococcal serotyping. Multicentric inventory in hospital. Years 1977-1978 (author's transl)]. 4 41

Branhamella catarrhalis was formerly regarded as a common, essentially harmless inhabitant of the pharynx. This misapprehension was caused, in part, by confusion with another pharyngeal resident, Neisseria cinerea. The two organisms can now be differentiated by the positive reactions of B. catarrhalis in tests for nitrate reduction and hydrolysis of tributyrin and DNase. B. catarrhalis is currently recognized as the third most frequent cause of acute otitis media and acute sinusitis in young children. It often causes acute exacerbations of chronic bronchopulmonary disease in older or immunocompromised adults and is incriminated occasionally in meningitis, endocarditis, bacteremia, conjunctivitis, keratitis, and urogenital infections. Virulence-associated factors, such as pili, capsules, outer membrane vesicles, iron acquisition proteins, histamine-synthesizing ability, resistance to the bactericidal action of normal human serum, and binding to the C1q complement component, have been identified in some strains. beta-Lactamase producing strains, first detected in 1976, have risen to approximately 75% worldwide. Thus far, however, practically all American strains of B. catarrhalis remain susceptible to alternative antibiotics. A possible selective advantage of recent isolates is their reportedly heightened tendency for adherence to oropharyngeal cells from patients with chronic bronchopulmonary disease.
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PMID:Branhamella catarrhalis: an organism gaining respect as a pathogen. 212 28

Two immunochemical methods were used to identify Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular antigens in the urine and serum of 162 children with acute lower respiratory tract infection. These methods were compared with standard bacterial blood culture. Viral and mycoplasma cultures of respiratory secretions were obtained simultaneously to determine the frequency of antigenuria at the time of nonbacterial acute lower respiratory tract infection. Urine from groups of well children and children with acute otitis media was tested for capsular antigens to determine the incidence of antigenuria. Antigenuria was found in 24% of children 2 months to 18 years of age with acute lower respiratory tract infection compared with a 2% incidence of bacteremia. Antigenuria was found in 4% of asymptomatic children and 16% of children with acute otitis media. One third of children with symptoms of acute lower respiratory tract infection and viral isolates from the oropharynx had bacterial antigenuria. The sixfold increase in frequency of bacterial antigenuria in children at the time of lower respiratory symptoms suggests that bacterial acute lower respiratory tract infection may be more common than identified by traditional culture techniques. Because bacterial antigen may come from other sites such as the middle ear, further studies are needed to determine the role of antigen detection in the diagnosis of pediatric acute lower respiratory tract infection.
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PMID:Use of bacterial antigen detection in the diagnosis of pediatric lower respiratory tract infections. 348 70

Clinical studies on ceftizoxime, a new cephalosporin, were carried out in our department. The following results were obtained. 1. Antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of ceftizoxime against 7 strains of E. coli, 6 strains of Klebsiella, 6 strains of H. influenzae, 7 strains of E. cloacae and 10 strains of S. aureus, recently isolated from patients, was compared with that of cefotiam, cefmetazole and cefazolin. Ceftizoxime was more active than the other antibiotics against E. coli, Klebsiella, H. influenzae and E. cloacae, but less active against S. aureus. 2. Urinary excretion. Urinary excretion was measured in 2 cases with normal renal function after dosing with 750 mg (35 mg/kg) and 350 mg (17 mg/kg) of ceftizoxime by intravenous injections. Urinary recovery rates within 6 hours were 97% and 82% respectively. 3. Clinical study. Eighteen children with the following bacterial infections were treated with ceftizoxime; respiratory tract infection (13), acute otitis media (1), acute intervertebral chondritis and tonsillitis (1), chronic cystitis (1), subcutaneous abscess (1) and chronic bacteremia (1). The dosage was 69--147 mg/kg q.i.d. by intravenous injection. The duration of administration was from 3 to 32 days. The clinical results were excellent in 4 cases, good in 13 cases and fair in 1 case of chronic bacteremia. The overall effectiveness rate was 94%. Slight elevation of GPT in 1 case and leukopenia (neutropenia) in 1 case were observed, but returned to the normal range immediately after discontinuation of dosing. It is considered that ceftizoxime is one of the useful first choice antibiotics used for children with bacterial infections.
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PMID:[Clinical studies on ceftizoxime in pediatric field (author's transl)]. 627 3

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of infectious disease-related illness and death in the United States, accounting for an estimated 3000 cases of meningitis, 50,000 cases of bacteremia, 50,000 cases of pneumonia, and 7 million cases of acute otitis media each year. Penicillin has been the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of infections caused by S. pneumoniae; since the mid-1980s, the prevalence of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae has increased substantially worldwide. In Canada, a strain of pneumococcus with reduced susceptibility to penicillin was first reported in 1974; based on surveys during 1977-1990, rates of resistance to penicillin were 2.4%, 1.5%, and 1.3% in the provinces of Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec, respectively. To determine whether the prevalence of penicillin resistance had increased among pneumococcal isolates, investigators from the University of Toronto tested the susceptibility of strains collected from a Toronto hospital and from a surrounding region in southern Ontario during June-December 1993 and March-June 1994. This report summarizes the results of this investigation.
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PMID:Emergence of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae--southern Ontario, Canada, 1993-1994. 788 13

Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram-negative diplococcus of the Neisseriaceae family now recognized as a cause of acute otitis media in pediatric patients and of lower respiratory tract infections in debilitated adults. The finding that 80% to 90% of strains produce beta-lactamases together with reports of cases of bacteremia and arthritis due to M. catarrhalis suggest an increasing pathogenic role for this organism. Antibiotic susceptibility testing suggests that the greatest bactericidal effect is provided by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.
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PMID:[Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of Moraxella catarrhalis infections]. 824 36

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strain INT1 was isolated from the blood of a young child with clinical signs of meningitis following acute otitis media. No immunologic or anatomic predisposition of this child for invasive bacterial infection with an unusual organism was documented. Sensitive ELISA proved the absence of intra- or extracellular capsular polysaccharide production by INT1 and Southern blot analysis confirmed the lack of an intact capsulation (cap) gene locus within the chromosome. Nevertheless, INT1 established bacteremia and meningitis in infant and weanling rat models of invasive H. influenzae infection. High-molecular-weight DNA isolated from INT1 was shown to confer an invasive phenotype on transformation of a nonencapsulated, avirulent laboratory strain of H. influenzae. Together these findings imply the presence of one or more as-yet-undiscovered, noncapsular virulence factors of H. influenzae that are capable of mediating invasive disease and resistance to immunologic clearance.
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PMID:A virulent nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae. 853 57

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of acute otitis media, pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. Because in recent years antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal strains have been emerging throughout the world, vaccination against pneumococcal infections has become more urgent. The capsular polysaccharide vaccine that has been available is neither immunogenic nor protective in young children and other immunocompromised patients. Several pneumococcal proteins have been proposed as candidate vaccines, but no human studies associated with them have been reported. Clinical trials of first-generation pneumococcal conjugate vaccines have shown that covalent coupling of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides to protein carriers improves the immunogenicity of the polysaccharides. The protective efficacy of the conjugate vaccines against carriage, acute otitis media, and invasive infections is being studied.
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PMID:New vaccines for the prevention of pneumococcal infections. 896 45


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