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Query: UMLS:C0004610 (bacteremia)
 13,199 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) inoculated intratracheally with 10(4.2)-10(8.2) egg median infectious doses (EID50) of type A influenza virus (H3N2) responded with clinical illness including such signs as fever, sneezing or coughing, coryza, and increased respiratory rates. Necropsy studies performed six days after inoculation revealed bronchopneumonia in addition to a mild tracheitis. Squirrel monkeys given 10(5)-6 x 10(8) colony-forming units (cfu) of Streptococcus pneumoniae intratracheally died four to six days later after developing severe illness characterized by fever, bacteremia, lethargy, anorexia, coughing, labored breathing, and bronchopneumonia. Monkeys given 770 cfu of S. pneumoniae responded with less severe symptoms and survived. Four squirrel monkeys inoculated with 10(8.2) EID50 of virus and then 102 hr later with 770 cfu of S. pneumoniae developed severe disease; three of the four animals died within 40 hr. At necropsy these monkeys had more extensive and severe bronchopneumonia than was seen in monkeys infected with either organism alone.
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PMID:Influenza alone and in sequence with pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in the squirrel monkey. 2215 62

Symptoms of infection in the elderly may be absent, vague or atypical. Infection should be suspected when an elderly patient presents with a decline in well-being or with non-specific symptoms such as falls, dizziness, confusion, anorexia or weakness. Common infections include bacterial pneumonia, urinary tract infection, intra-abdominal infections, gram-negative bacteremia and infection of decubitus ulcers. Antibiotic therapy is not recommended for asymptomatic bacteriuria or locally infected decubitus ulcers. Drug dosages should be adjusted for the age-associated decline in renal function and for hepatic or renal insufficiency. The trend in antibiotic therapy is evolving toward the use of third-generation cephalosporins instead of aminoglycosides to avoid the side effects of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Pneumococcal, influenza and tetanus/diphtheria immunizations help prevent morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:Common infections in the elderly. 848 May 62

While genital tract infections with Haemophilus influenza (H. influenzae) are recognized with increasing frequency, this organism still remains an uncommon cause of maternal infection. The association of this pathogen with spontaneous abortion is extremely rare and has been described only in cases of midtrimester abortion. We report a case of H. influenzae bacteremia following first trimester spontaneous abortion and review the literature.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae bacteremia following first trimester abortion. 257 50

Infection following breast implants is an uncommon event. This is somewhat surprising, since the human breast is not a sterile anatomical structure. The flora found in the breast are derived from the nipple ducts and closely resemble those of normal skin. These organisms, predominantly S. epidermidis, may in some cases be responsible for firmness secondary to capsular contracture. Treatment of the periprosthetic infection usually involves implant removal, but salvage by systemic antibiotics is sometimes possible. Atypical mycobacteria are very rarely the cause of infection, but can be extremely difficult to eradicate when involved. Toxic shock syndrome has been reported to occur following breast implants and is a life-threatening problem requiring immediate removal of the implant. It may be significant that in some cases with effusion and infection occurring many months or years after implant placement, there has been a preceding event such as a laryngitis or flu-like illness. This suggests the possibility of a bacteremia being involved in the causation of the infection. If this were the case, then these patients should be handled in a fashion similar to those with prosthetic heart valves. Accordingly, in our own practice, we advise that penicillin "V" be given beforehand when a patient with breast implants is to have any dental procedure. It must be stressed that there is no statistical or scientific proof at the present time that this is of any value. In conclusion, when dealing with these large foreign bodies, absolute sterility is essential, and excellent surgical technique to obviate hematoma and the occurrence of tissue ischemia is mandatory. Evidence of severe infection necessitates implant removal, but in less severe cases a trial of intravenous antibiotics is permissible. Having removed an implant, further insertion should be deferred, preferably for 6 months. If the new implant can be placed in a different plane, that is, submuscular, this is desirable. Exposed implants can be salvaged but this requires considerable judgment and one should be prepared for re-exposure or frank infection.
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PMID:Infections in breast implants. 266 82

Charts of 182 outpatient children with bacteremia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza type b or Neisseria meningitidis were reviewed. Twenty-four patients (13%) were afebrile (temperature less than 37.8 degrees C) at presentation. Five afebrile patients had no history of fever. Four of the five had localizing signs of infection and one appeared toxic. Afebrile patients were not strikingly different from febrile bacteremic patients by any assessments. Bacteremia in children cannot be excluded on the basis of absence of fever by history and examination. Blood cultures should be performed on afebrile children who either have localizing signs of serious bacterial infection or appear toxic.
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PMID:Bacteremia in children afebrile at presentation to an emergency room. 356 38

Intranasal inoculation of CD-1 or BALB/c mice with low doses of influenza A/PR8/34 (HON1) virus followed 48 h later by intranasal inoculation of low doses of type Ia group B streptococci effected a lethal synergism. At a constant input dose of virus, a direct relationship between input dose of bacteria and percent mortality was observed; the converse was also true. An inverse relationship between input dose of group B streptococci, but not input dose of virus, and mean time to death was observed in CD-1 but not in BALB/c mice. The kinetics of influenza A/PR8/34 virus and group B streptococcal replication in singly and dually infected BALB/c mice was determined by assaying samples from the lungs, liver, spleen, and blood for viable group B streptococci and infectious influenza A/PR8/34 virus. No significant difference in virus replication in the lung was observed between singly and dually infected mice. Extrapulmonary dissemination of virus was not observed. Concurrent virus infection effected a 10,000- to 100,000-fold increase in the levels of type Ia group B streptococci in the lung. Potentiation of group B streptococcal infection of the lung was not associated with bacteremia or infection of the liver or spleen, a finding contrary to previous observations of fulminant septicemia after intranasal inoculation of mice with input doses of group B streptococci less than one-tenth of the pulmonary levels observed in the present study.
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PMID:Lethal synergism induced in mice by influenza type A virus and type Ia group B streptococci. 634 92

Intranasal infection of infant rats by virulent influenza A virus increases the frequency and magnitude of bacteremia induced by subsequent atraumatic intranasal inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIb). The mechanism of the "potentiating" effect was studied by histology, by measurement of the frequency and kinetics of bacteremia in rats preinoculated with virus, or a chemical irritant (0.1 N HCl), by comparison of the latter with physically "traumatic" bacterial inoculation, and correlation of these data with nasal HIb titers. Both virus and acid induced significant nasal inflammation which progressed following bacterial inoculation. A period of intranasal proliferation of HIb preceded bacteremia in rats preinoculated with either virus or acid. In contrast, bacteremia occurred almost immediately following physically traumatic bacterial inoculation suggesting that direct intravascular invasion had occurred under those circumstances. Repeated atraumatic inoculation of HIb or HIb followed by growth medium both produced a significantly increased frequently of bacteremia compared to a single inoculation, suggesting that the prolonged presence of large numbers of intranasal HIb was a factor in producing bacteremia and that virus or acid-induced mucosal inflammation may lead to elaboration of growth factors for HIb in nasal tissues.
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PMID:Mechanism of potentiation of experimental Haemophilus influenzae type B disease in infant rats by influenza A virus. 697 59

We retrospectively reviewed parainfluenza and influenza virus infections that occurred in pediatric organ transplant recipients at our hospital from January 1985 through September of 1992. Cultures of respiratory specimens revealed 45 infections in 42 transplant recipients (32 cases of parainfluenza and 13 cases of influenza virus infection). The following organs were transplanted: liver (28 patients), small bowel with and without liver (4), heart (3), lung with and without heart (5), and kidney (2). Clinical presentations of the patients and outcomes were similar regardless of the type of virus isolated or the type of organ transplanted. There were 20 cases in which patients had upper respiratory symptoms but did not require supplemental oxygen, nine cases in which patients required oxygen supplementation only, and eight cases in which the patients survived with mechanical ventilation. Eight patients died (five had parainfluenza, three had influenza virus infection); four children had serious concurrent infections (cytomegaloviral pneumonia in one patient, bacteremia in two, bacteremia and pneumonia in one). Factors associated with poor outcome for the entire group were age (increased morbidity and mortality if < 6 months old), augmentation of immunosuppression, and onset of infection within 1 month of transplantation. In this patient population, parainfluenza and influenza infections were important causes of morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:Parainfluenza and influenza virus infections in pediatric organ transplant recipients. 774 47

We examined the relation of invasive pneumococcal disease to season, atmospheric conditions, and the rate of respiratory virus isolation in a community-wide surveillance program in Houston. Among adults, the number of cases of pneumococcal bacteremia peaked in midwinter and declined strikingly in midsummer, indicating a high degree of inverse correlation with the ambient temperature. We detected significant correlations between the occurrence of pneumococcal disease and the isolation of respiratory syncytial virus (P < .001), influenza virus (P < .001), and all viruses except influenza virus (P < .001), as well as with air pollution, as measured by SO2 levels (P < .001). In contrast, the rate of invasive pneumococcal disease among infants and children was relatively more sustained from October through May, with a notable decrease in summer months; the incidence of pneumococcal disease was therefore less strongly correlated with cold weather and less closely associated with the isolation of respiratory syncitial virus or influenza virus. However, pneumococcal disease among infants and children was associated with isolation of these viruses after a 4-week lag period as well as with isolation of adenovirus and ragweed pollen counts. The finding, with regard to children, that correlations tended to be stronger for events that occurred 1 month previously than for those that occurred contemporaneously is consistent with the concept that viral or allergic events predispose to otitis media with effusion, which becomes suppurative and leads to pneumococcal bacteremia or meningitis. For adults, a more immediate predisposition to pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia because of viral infection or air pollution was suggested.
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PMID:Association of invasive pneumococcal disease with season, atmospheric conditions, air pollution, and the isolation of respiratory viruses. 882 73

Elderly subjects are at high risk for pneumonia, with an incidence 4 times that of younger adults and a higher mortality. Factors that contribute to this over-mortality and morbidity are age-related modifications of the immune system and of the respiratory system, co-morbidity, colonization of upper airways by gram-negative bacilli, and immunosuppression (iatrogenic or acquired). Clinical symptoms and signs are sometimes scarce or nonspecific; bacteremia and sepsis are more frequent. Responsible microorganisms are frequently undetermined. S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus and respiratory viruses are the most frequently incriminated organisms; the incidence of infection with gram-negative bacilli rises in institutionalized patients or frail elderly subjects. Atypical pneumonias are rare in elderly patients. In this age group prevention is of major importance and consists mainly in vaccination against influenza and S. pneumoniae.
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PMID:[Non-nosocomial pneumonias in the elderly: clinical findings, etiology, therapeutic approach]. 892 54


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