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 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study assessed the relationship between parent and teacher ratings of hyperactivity and developmental indices (chronological age, IQ, and mental age) in two groups of children. Subjects were drawn separately from two psychiatric clinics: (a) a general clinical sample, largely of normal ability, seen for a multitude of psychiatric and behavioral problems, and (b) a developmental clinic sample, comprising children with cognitive delays and seen for ADHD or the absence of ADHD. The results showed consistent negative correlations between chronological age and severity of hyperactivity symptoms; however, these occurred mainly within the developmental clinic sample. Only 4 of 27 comparisons (15%) between mental age and hyperactivity ratings (all confined to the developmentally delayed sample) showed a significant correlation. When chronological age was first partialled out, the correlations between ratings of hyperactivity and mental age ceased to be significant. Findings suggest that chronological age should be taken into consideration when behavior ratings are used to assess cognitively delayed children for ADHD. However, the results do not support guidelines stating that mental age must be used to determine which norms should be applied when such children are evaluated clinically.
J Autism Dev Disord 1994 Aug
PMID:Ratings of hyperactivity and developmental indices: should clinicians correct for developmental level? 752 33

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain has been used to define functional abnormalities in two groups of childhood behavior disorders: (1) a "primary" category in which there is exclusive or predominant presentation with cognitive and/or behavioral dysfunction and (2) encephalopathies, often defined etiologically at the biochemical or molecular level, in which clinical expression includes, but is not confined to, neural dysfunction. Radiopharmaceuticals available for such studies are manifold, but those used to date have been predominantly perfusion agents, eg, Xenon-133 (133Xe) and technetium-99m (99mTc) hexamethylpropylene amine oxime, and studies with [99mTc]bicisate are eagerly awaited. Xenon-133 studies require that the patient be in the field of view of the detector while the tracer is administered. This renders it difficult for a subject to perform cognitive and other exercises while being imaged, because the environment is quite foreign. On the other hand, the 99mTc-labeled perfusion agents permit a scintigraphic "snapshot" of regional cerebral blood flow during a behavioral event without having to have the patient under the imaging instrument. Thus, one can separate the administration of the radiotracer, which can be done under more controlled and physiological conditions, from the actual imaging. In addition, greater spatial resolution is achieved with the technetium-based agents. Currently, multidetector or dedicated annular crystal-type cameras are the preferred brain SPECT devices, and they are essential to applications such as cortical "activation mapping" or tomographic detection of receptor systems. Close attention to technical detail and standardization of the child's behavioral environment during the investigation are critical to a successful study. The relative advantages and disadvantages of qualitative versus semiquantitative analysis of imaging date are reviewed. Among primary behavioral disorders, 133Xe SPECT studies in attention deficit disorder-hyperactivity (ADHD) have suggested a pattern of hypoperfusion of striatal and periventricular structures with sensorimotor cortical hyperperfusion. This pattern is consistent with some neurophysiological models of the disorder. In cerebral palsy, perfusional abnormalities have paralleled clinical deficits and may offer information to help predict outcome. The important field of childhood affective disorders (schizophrenia, juvenile autism, depression, etc) remains largely unstudied with SPECT. Finally, representative examples of the use of SPECT to study perfusion in encephalopathies with behavioral expression (phenylketonuria, MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes) syndrome, Wilson's disease, etc) are given.
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PMID:Brain single-photon emission computed tomography for behavior disorders in children. 837 98

Planned Activities Training (PAT) teaches mothers to plan and structure activities to prevent challenging child behaviors. PAT was evaluated with four mothers of children with developmental disabilities, including autism, Down Syndrome, and ADHD. PAT was used independent of any other behavior management techniques to examine its impact on mother and child behaviors, which were examined in addition to "fidelity" data on the mothers' implementation of PAT techniques. A multiple probe experimental design across two families with a replication across two more families demonstrated that PAT produced marked improvements in mother and child behavior in three generalization settings. In most cases, mothers' use of PAT procedures more than doubled. Three mothers' appropriate behavior increased from 25% to 40%. Improvements in child behavior ranged from 20% to more than 50%. Intervention gains were maintained at 1, 3, and 6 months. These results suggest that PAT is a useful technique for promoting durable generalization of mother child skills.
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PMID:Planned Activities Training for mothers of children with developmental disabilities. Community generalization and follow-up. 887 13

The ability to study regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) is available in many institutions, especially with the spread of multi-headed gamma cameras. The use of this technique in paediatrics requires special attention to detail in the manner of data acquisition and handling the child. The interpretation of the rCBF study in a child requires knowledge of normal brain maturation. The major clinical use in paediatrics is epilepsy because of the advances in surgery and the frequency of complex partial seizures. Other indications in paediatric neurology include brain death, acute neurological loss including stroke, language disorders, cerebral palsy, hypertension due to renovascular disease, traumatic brain injury and migraine. There are paediatric psychological conditions in which rCBF assessment has been undertaken, including anorexia nervosa, autism, Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) and attention deficit disorder-hyperactivity (ADHD). This article attempts to review all aspects of rCBF studies in paediatrics.
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PMID:Cerebral blood flow imaging in paediatrics: a review. 900 97

Radioisotope brain imaging has focused mainly on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). However the use of ligands which go to specific receptor sites is being introduced in paediatrics, mainly psychiatry. rCBF is potentially available in many institutions, especially with the availability of multi-headed gamma cameras. The use of this technique in paediatrics requires special attention to detail in the manner of data acquisition and handling the child. The interpretation of the rCBF study in a child requires knowledge of normal brain maturation. The major clinical use in paediatrics is epilepsy because of the advances in surgery and the frequency of complex partial seizures. Other indications in paediatric neurology include brain death, acute neurological loss including stroke, language disorders, cerebral palsy, hypertension due to renovascular disease, traumatic brain injury and migraine. There are paediatric psychological conditions in which rCBF has been undertaken, these include anorexia nervosa, autism, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) and attention deficit disorder-hyperactivity (ADHD). Research using different ligands to specific receptor sites will also be reviewed in paediatrics.
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PMID:Cerebral imaging in paediatrics. 969 65

Children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity (ADHD) were compared with two other clinical groups, namely, children with autism and children with dyslexia, with respect to several peaks of the ERP. By using these other clinical groups, it was studied whether amplitude differences between children and ADHD and normal control children, which were found in an earlier study, were specific to children with ADHD. ERPs were measured in response to stimuli in an auditory and a visual oddball task. Only with respect to the P3 and Pz, measured in response to deviant auditory stimuli, did the children with ADHD show smaller amplitudes than both autistic children and those with dyslexia. It was concluded that a smaller amplitude of this peak is specific to children with ADHD.
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PMID:Are abnormal event-related potentials specific to children with ADHD? A comparison with two clinical groups. 988 81

The hypothesis was tested that weak theory of mind (ToM) and/or emotion recognition (ER) abilities are specific to subjects with autism. Differences in ToM and ER performance were examined between autistic (n = 20), pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) (n = 20), psychiatric control (n = 20), and normal children (n = 20). The clinical groups were matched person-to-person on age and verbal IQ. We used tasks for the matching and the context recognition of emotional expressions, and a set of first- and second-order ToM tasks. Autistic and PDD-NOS children could not be significantly differentiated from each other, nor could they be differentiated from the psychiatric controls with a diagnosis of ADHD (n = 9). The psychiatric controls with conduct disorder or dysthymia performed about as well as normal children. The variance in second-order ToM performance contributed most to differences between diagnostic groups.
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PMID:Theory of mind and emotion-recognition functioning in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children. 1020 55

mental retardation: timing and thresholds; (italic)b(/italic)) endocrine dysfunction and developmental disabilities: dose and target implications; (italic)c(/italic)) attention-deficit disorder-ADHD and learning disabilities; and (italic)d(/italic)) new horizons: extending the boundaries. Support for the Rochester conference came from both public and private sources. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the EPA represented the federal government. The conference also received grants from several foundations: the Jennifer Altman Foundation, the Heinz Family Foundation, the National Alliance for Autism Research, the Violence Research Foundation, the Wacker Foundation, and the Winslow Foundation. The second of these conferences helped launch a new Center for Children's Health and the Environment at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. It was held in New York City on 24-25 May 1999, and was convened specifically to consider the intersection between neurodevelopmental impairment, environmental chemicals, and prevention. Over 300 health scientists, pediatricians, and public health professionals examined the growing body of evidence linking environmental toxins to neurobehavioral disorders. The conference title was Environmental Influences on Children: Brain, Development, and Behavior. The conference began by reviewing well-known examples of deleterious effects of environmental chemicals, including lead and PCBs, on children's brains. The conferees then considered the potential impact of environmental chemicals on neurological disorders with particular focus on ADHD, autism, and Parkinson's disease. The inclusion of Parkinson's disease was intended to signal the notion that exposures in early life may have an influence on the evolution of neurological disease in later life. Support for the Mount Sinai conference came from the Superfund Basic Research Program (NIEHS); The Pew Charitable Trusts; the Institute for Health and the Environment at the University of Albany School of Public Health; the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Research (ATSDR); the Ambulatory Pediatric Association; Myron A. Mehlman, PhD; the National Center for Environmental Assessment (EPA); the National Center for Environmental Health (CDC); the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; the Office of Children's Health Protection (EPA); Physicians for Social Responsibility; The New York Academy of Medicine; The New York Community Trust; and the Wallace Genetic Foundation. The impact of environmental toxins on children's health has become a topic of major concern in the federal government. Eight new research centers in children's environmental health have been established in the past 2 years with joint funding from EPA and NIEHS. Clinical units that specialize in the treatment of children with environmentally induced illness have been developed across the nation with grant support from ATSDR. The American Academy of Pediatrics has just published its (italic)Handbook of Pediatric Environmental Health (/italic)((italic)17(/italic)), the "Green Book," which is available to pediatricians throughout the Americas. Children's environmental health has climbed to a critical position as we launch the new millennium. This monograph marks a significant milestone in the evolution of this emerging discipline.
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PMID:The developing brain and the environment: an introduction. 1085 30

Over the past 10 years, innovations in physics and computer science have promoted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an essential tool for investigating the biological substrates of psychiatric disorders. Requiring no radiation exposure, MRI is now the preferred imaging technique for pediatric populations. However, the rapid technical advances in MRI pulse sequences, data processing, and analysis have made it increasingly complex for clinicians to compare and critically evaluate MRI research studies. This paper selectively reviews MRI research on five psychiatric conditions occurring in childhood or adolescence: ADHD, autism, childhood-onset schizophrenia, Tourette syndrome, and early-onset depression. The selection of papers reviewed was based on four criteria: the originality of the idea underlying the paper, the quality of the sample and methodologies used, the presence of controversial findings in the paper, and whether the paper was a clear illustration of specific methodological strengths or weaknesses. The two goals of this review paper are to update clinicians on morphometric brain imaging in child psychiatry and the methodological issues pertaining to image acquisition and analysis, and to promote critical reading of future MRI studies.
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PMID:MRI neuroimaging of childhood psychiatric disorders: a selective review. 1103 81

The Children's Social Behavior Questionnaire (CSBQ) contains items referring to behavior problems seen in children with milder variants of PDD. Data of large samples of children diagnosed as having high-functioning autism, PDDNOS, ADHD, and other child-psychiatric disorders were gathered. Besides the CSBQ, parents completed the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The data provided the basis for scale construction of the CSBQ, a comparison of the CSBQ scales with other instruments and a comparison of groups on scores on the CSBQ. The 5 scales obtained referred to Acting-out behaviors, Social Contact problems, Social Insight problems, Anxious/Rigid behaviors and Stereotypical behaviors. Results show that the CSBQ has good psychometric qualities with respect to both reliability and validity. A comparison of the different groups showed that significant group differences were found on all scales. In general, the autism group received the highest scores, followed by the PDDNOS group and the ADHD group. Exceptions were on the Acting-out scale, where the ADHD group scored highest and on the Social Insight scale, where no significant difference was found between the PDDNOS group and the ADHD group. Implications of the results and suggestions for further research are discussed.
J Autism Dev Disord 2000 Aug
PMID:The children's Social Behavior Questionnaire for milder variants of PDD problems: evaluation of the psychometric characteristics. 1103 58


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