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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Autism is a rare disorder, whose frequency varies according to research from 0.7 to 4.5 per 10,000. The results of 40 children examined in the Out-patient Rehabilitation Union for Autistic Children showed that according to the DSM-III-R criteria 3 children suffered from autism. The authors suggest that the DSM-III-R criteria are either not known to the diagnosticians or are not used in the diagnosis.
Psychiatr Pol
PMID:[Autism, infantile: diagnostic aspects]. 130 11

The authors on the basis of extensive literature discuss the phenomenon of syntonia, autism and proportion in schizophrenia. Referring to their own research on the formation of different types of proportion, the authors define the understanding of syntonia and autism.
Psychiatr Pol
PMID:[Syntonic phenomena, autism and proportion]. 130 32

Research was conducted on a sample of 100 patients. The diagnosis was carefully verified according to the DSM-III. The "Syntonic" Scale and the "Autism" Scale, described in a separate paper were used. A literature review was performed with special attention to the fact that surprisingly rarely are references made to syntonia in research upon schizophrenic patients. The results are presented in table 1 and Figures 1 and 2. In all of the 100 subjects both factors studied were present though to varying degrees of severity. Both factors showed evident characteristics of selectivity. The numerical data revealed a definite predominance of autism over syntony, which is a well known fact in schizophrenia, however, of significant importance is the presence of syntony as an additional factor. The correlation variable of both scales is expressed by r = -0.79, which indicates that there is a strong negative relationship. For the needs of further analysis the groups were split into smaller subgroups. Subgroup I was characterized by the predominance of autism over syntony (47 cases). In subgroup II a predominance of syntony over autism was found (33 cases). On the basis of greater confidence the subgroup III was described, which contained the cases in which neither factor was predominant (20 cases). The majority of the sample of patients ill with schizophrenia showed the ability to react syntonically. The obtained results support the view that autism and syntony are two poles of the same dimension, they also support the hypothesis which states that there is evidence to suggest that the are two basic subgroups of paranoidal schizophrenia.
Psychiatr Pol
PMID:[Further research into the formation of the syntonic-autistic relationship in paranoid schizophrenia]. 835 75

This paper recapitulates the research conducted in recent years, including the results of the first stage of research presented in 1988. The research is characterized by meticulous preparation of 8 scales which enables us to observe the formation of 4 fundamental proportions. Of vital importance for the interpretation of the results are correlations among the proportions and among scales. Explicit correlation (r = 0.69) between the syntonic-autistic proportion and that of "vitality and emotional adequacy--emotional dementia" was recorded. This observation is of great significance in isolating paranoid schizophrenia subgroups. Emotional dementia is also significant (r = 0.64) in cases characterized by profound autism. Thus, syntony is not only a quality which strongly correlates negatively with autism (r = 0.79) but above all there exists a high positive correlation between syntony and emotional vitality (r = 0.58). Not included here is a discussion on complex relationships between syntonic-autistic proportion and the one of "insight vs lack of insight". The obtained results confirm the correctness of earlier hypothesis and correlate with the results of the research on the formation of syntonic-autistic proportion. In other words, they verify a hypothesis which makes us isolate autistic and syntonic schizophrenias within paranoid schizophrenia.
Psychiatr Pol
PMID:[Formation of fundamental psychopathological proportions in autistic and syntonic schizophrenias]. 841 98

An analysis of populations treated in the III Department of Psychiatry indicates that 12 years since the transformation of the organizational model of care for patients from sub-regionalized catchment area, inpatient treatment continues to be of major importance, as it was provided to over half of all referrals. Intermediate forms of care, replacing a half of the former number of psychiatric beds, were offered mainly to schizophrenic patients, with the exclusion of those with a marked agitation, psychomotor retardation, or aggressive, presenting imminent danger to self or others. At one-year follow-up J.E. Overall's scale was used to examine 39 schizophrenic patients treated at the inpatient ward, day hospital, or by a community treatment team. Patients treated at the day hospital providing an intense therapeutic program manifested a significantly more marked improvement in respect of 6 symptoms: autism, affective bluntness, guilt feelings, tension, suspiciousness, and bizarre thoughts. No significant differences were found between the compared forms of care as regards the degree of other symptoms amelioration. Thus, the day hospital turned out to be a more effective form of care in case of schizophrenic patients manifesting the cluster of symptoms listed above.
Psychiatr Pol
PMID:[Follow-up studies of psychotic patients receiving inpatient treatment or alternative forms of psychiatric care]. 954 87

Since autism was first described by Leo Kanner the view on its etiology and pathogenesis has been changing. Recently there are more data on genetic and neurobiological background of autism. At the beginning it was noticed that autism appeared more frequently among boys, in population studies it was found that autism appeared more frequently among siblings, mostly among monozygotic twins. Many disorders like Tourett syndrome and tuberous sclerosis were reported in connection with autism. Recently research is focused mostly on chromosome abnormalities: chromosome 15 (locus 15q11-13), chromosome 7 (locus 7q), chromosome 16 (locus 16p) and gens of particular receptors (GABRB3, UBE3A/E6-AP, 5-HTT). These abnormalities may also be one of the causes of autism.
Psychiatr Pol
PMID:[Genetic studies in autistic disorders]. 1105 82

Autistic Disorder was described by Leo Kanner in 1943. Since that time not only the name of this disorder (initially early infantile autism) has changed but also it's relation to other disorders. DSM-IV includes autism together with Rett's Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Asperger's Disorder and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified into one category: Pervasive Developmental Disorders. The definition and contents of Pervasive Developmental Disorders raise many controversies. Differentiation between particular disorders within this category is also difficult. This paper discusses some of these problems.
Psychiatr Pol
PMID:[Pervasive developmental disorders: controversies concerning the classification of autism]. 1105 83

All currently accepted definitions of autism include three main criteria which have to be met for a diagnosis to be made. These are: disturbance of reciprocal social interaction, disturbance of communication and restriction of normal variation in behaviour and interests. The criteria used in the ICD-10 include all these domains. On the other hand, the number of mentally handicapping conditions and brain damage syndromes show the same triad of symptoms. Many of patients actually fulfill all currently accepted criteria for autism, but, for some reason do not receive the diagnosis. We analysed retrospectively the clinical picture of all children hospitalised in Department of Child Psychiatry in the last 10 years before the introduction of ICD-10 in Poland (1986-1996) and diagnosed as having autism, autistic traits or features. The group consist of 19 children (0.8% of all children hospitalised in that time). 4 of them had been diagnosed as having autism, 4 as having features of autism and 11 as having autistic traits. Additional diagnoses were: organic brain damage in 2 children, carnitine deficiency and cerebral palsy in 1 child and minimal brain dysfunction in 3 cases. Despite of the diagnosis all children met current ICD-10 criteria for autism or atypical autism, according to age of onset. There were no significant differences in constellation of symptoms included in ICD-10 between groups divided according to the past diagnosis.
Psychiatr Pol
PMID:[Features of autism, autistic traits, autism: retrospective analysis of clinical symptoms in children treated in the Pediatric Psychiatric Clinic]. 1132 83

Abnormalities in anatomy and function of the cranial nerve motor nuclei and brain stem structures have been demonstrated in some people with autism and can be modeled in rats by exposure to valproic acid (VPA) during very early nervous system developmental stages (neural tube closure). The aim of this study was to investigate if VPA will have an impact on nociception in rats because of reported hypoalgesia in a subgroup of autistic patients. Pregnant females were treated ip with 600 mg/kg of sodium valproate on day 12.5 of gestation. Nociception was measured in offsprings by tail-flick and thermal paw withdrawal tests in two developmental stages: prepubertal (80-90 g) and adulthood (360-440 g). Results showed significant differences in pain sensitivity with hypoalgesia in male rats treated with VPA compared to male control in both developmental stages. The outcome of our study suggests that rats exposed prenatally to VPA show abnormalities in nociception similar to those observed in human autistic patients. Interestingly, naloxone (1 mg/kg) had no impact on nociception in offsprings of VPA-treated rats.
Pol J Pharmacol
PMID:Nociceptive changes in rats after prenatal exposure to valproic acid. 1199 73

28 children diagnosed to be autistic were involved in the longitudinal studies. The criteria were taken from DSM-III-R. 18 children in the early stage of autism were chosen. The development of disorders has been observed since the period infancy among these children. The other group consisted of 10 children in the late stage of autism. The development of autism in the group was followed by normal development of the child until the 12-18 month of life. The research was conducted in the 3rd, 5th and 7th year of life. 3 areas of developments were taken under consideration: social relations (A), verbal vs. non-verbal communication (B), activity and interests (C). In the estimated group (A, B, C) 5 criteria were achieved, each in a 5-grade scale, 1 meaning the lack of symptom and 5 meaning the higher intensity. At the age of 3 the intensity of disorders on the three evaluated areas of development did not differentiate children in early and late stage of autism. The future development of children in the early stage of autism was not successful. A visible difference was seen at the age of 5. Children in the late stage of autism developed in all 3 areas of investigation. At the age of 7, children in the late stage of autism seemed to gradually "withdraw from autism". Longitudinal studies conducted on autistic children confirmed the hypothesis about the age of child's life, when the first symptoms of disorders showed, as being an important predictor of the autism development dynamic.
Psychiatr Pol 2002
PMID:[The dynamics of infantile autism. The longitudinal studies]. 1204 27


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