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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to clarify the issue of whether DSM-III-R (American Psychological Association [APA], 1987) over- or underdiagnoses autism by comparing this diagnostic system to a well-established objective measure of diagnosis, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). A secondary goal was to determine which of the 16 criteria are the best discriminators of autism. DSM-III-R, CARS, and clinical diagnoses of 138 consecutive admissions to a statewide program for the diagnosis and treatment of autistic and related communication-handicapped individuals (Division TEACCH in North Carolina) were compared. Results indicated a generally high degree of agreement on the diagnosis of autism using the three systems. Within this treatment-oriented program, the CARS and clinical ratings diagnosed a greater number of cases as autistic than did the DSM-III-R criteria, suggesting that DSM-III-R slightly underdiagnosed autism. The criteria that most strongly related to the diagnosis of autism regardless of the system were lack of awareness of others, abnormal social play, an impaired ability to make friends, abnormal nonverbal communication, stereotypic body movements, and restricted range of interests.
J Autism Dev Disord 1992 Dec
PMID:Comparison of DSM-III-R and childhood autism rating scale diagnoses of autism. 148 73

The present paper provides a brief history of the development of the DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1987) section on Pervasive Developmental Disorders. It describes the process by which the contents of the text and criteria for Autistic Disorder and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified were decided and gives the reasons for the changes from DSM-III (APA, 1980) categories and criteria. The paper concludes with a short discussion of critical diagnostic issues.
J Autism Dev Disord 1992 Dec
PMID:Pervasive developmental disorders: from DSM-III to DSM-III-R. 148 75

The present study examined 35 mothers (29 premutation carriers) of children with fragile-X syndrome in measures of intelligence and psychiatric disorders by comparing them with two control groups: a) 30 mothers of children in the general population and b) 17 mothers of non-fra-X retarded children with autism. Premutation carriers had a higher frequency of affective disorders than mothers from the general population. Preliminary data indicate that normally intelligent premutation carriers of the fra-X genetic abnormality have a similar frequency of affective disorders (DSM-III-R criteria [APA, 1987]) than mothers of autistic children. Neither carriers of the premutation nor carriers of the full mutation in the fra-X group obtained a diagnosis of the schizophrenia-spectrum (schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, and schizoaffective disorder). Carriers of the fra-X full mutation had considerably lower IQ than carriers of the fra-X premutation. There was a negative correlation between length of CGG repeats and IQ which failed to reach significance in both groups of fra-X carriers. Psychiatric morbidity was not restricted to carriers of the fra-X full mutation only but was also present in normal intelligent premutation carriers. Furthermore the age of onset of psychiatric morbidity in both groups of mothers of fra-X children as well as the group of mothers with autistic children was much earlier than the age when mental retardation had been diagnosed in their children. Increased psychosocial burden of raising a developmentally retarded child and/or feelings of guilt of being a fra-X carrier can therefore not fully explain our findings (three-fold higher frequencies of affective disorders compared to mothers from the general population).
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PMID:Fragile-X carrier females: evidence for a distinct psychopathological phenotype? 884 76

The author described a male patient, age 13 years and 5 months, with behavioral profile meeting the criteria of the autistic syndrome by the DSM-III-R (APA, 1989) and DSM-IV (APA, 1995). After clinical and laboratory examinations, it was found that he had an abnormal karyotype, 46 XY, R(22). The need for clinical and laboratory case studies of autism is of great importance to develop data for defining an etiological basis for diagnosis.
J Autism Dev Disord 1998 Jun
PMID:Brief report: a case of chromosome 22 alteration associated with autistic syndrome. 965 37

The American Psychiatric Association's last version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; APA, 1994) identifies within pervasive developmental disorders five subgroups: (a) autistic disorder; (b) Rett's disorder; (c) childhood disintegrative disorder; (d) Asperger's disorder's and (e) pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. However, the diagnosis of the different sub-groups is difficult to establish, particularly between autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder. This article exposes the diagnostic criteria of autism and Asperger's syndrome in order to illustrate the similarities and differences between the two disorders.
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PMID:[Diagnostic criteria of autism and Asperger's syndrome: similarities and differences]. 977 58

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS, RSH/SLO syndrome, MIM 270400) is an autosomal recessive multiple malformation/mental retardation syndrome initially described by Smith et al. [1964] that is due to a defect in cholesterol biosynthesis. The behavioral phenotype of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome demonstrates cognitive abilities from borderline intellectual functioning to profound mental retardation, sensory hyperreactivity, irritability, language impairment, sleep cycle disturbance, self-injurious behavior, and autism spectrum behaviors. In a recent study of 28 subjects, 14 subjects (50%) with SLOS also exhibited the behavior of throwing themselves backward in a characteristic upper body movement ("opisthokinesis") and 2 adolescents had a stretching motion of the upper body accompanied by hand flicking [Tierney et al., 1999]. In that same study, 6 of 13 subjects (46%) met the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) algorithm criteria (Lord et al. [1993] Infant Mental Health 14:234-252; Lord et al. [1994] J Autism Dev Disord 24:659-685) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (APA [1994] DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a metabolic disorder that is associated with autism. MRDD Research Reviews 2000;6:131-134.
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PMID:Behavioral phenotype of RSH/Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. 1089 6

This study investigates the accuracy and speed of face recognition in children with a Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDDNOS; DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994). The study includes a clinical group of 26 nonretarded 7- to 10-year-old children with PDDNOS and a control group of 65 normally developing children of the same age. Two computerized reaction time tasks were administered: a face recognition task and a control task designed to measure the recognition of abstract visuospatial patterns. The latter were either easy or difficult to distinguish from a set of alternative patterns. The normally developing children recognized the faces much faster than the hardly distinguishable abstract patterns. The children in the PDDNOS group needed an amount of time to recognize the faces that almost equalled the time they needed to recognize the abstract patterns that were difficult to distinguish. The results suggest that, when processing faces, children with PDDNOS use a strategy that is more attention-demanding and, hence, less automatic or "Gestalt-like" than the one used by the control children. The results are discussed in the light of a theory that explains the development of coherent mental representations.
J Autism Dev Disord 2003 Jun
PMID:Face recognition in children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. 1290 33

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterised by deficits in socialisation and communication, with repetitive and stereotyped behaviours [American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: APA]. Whilst intellectual and language impairment is observed in a significant proportion of diagnosed individuals [Gillberg, C., & Coleman, M. (2000). The biology of the autistic syndromes (3rd ed.). London: Mac Keith Press; Klinger, L., Dawson, G., & Renner, P. (2002). Autistic disorder. In E. Masn, & R. Barkley (Eds.), Child pyschopathology (2nd ed., pp. 409-454). New York: Guildford Press], the disorder is also strongly associated with the presence of highly developed, idiosyncratic, or savant skills [Heaton, P., & Wallace, G. (2004) Annotation: The savant syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45 (5), 899-911]. We tested identification of fundamental pitch frequencies in complex tones, sine tones and words in AC, an intellectually able man with autism and absolute pitch (AP) and a group of healthy controls with self-reported AP. The analysis showed that AC's naming of speech pitch was highly superior in comparison to controls. The results suggest that explicit access to perceptual information in speech is retained to a significantly higher degree in autism.
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PMID:Research note: exceptional absolute pitch perception for spoken words in an able adult with autism. 1835 2

Due to the recent inclusion of Asperger's Disorder (AD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (APA, 1994) and the International Classification of Diseases (WHO, 1993), concerns regarding diagnosis of AD, particularly in adults, are emerging. Many existing instruments used to assess Pervasive Developmental Disorder are more appropriate for identifying Autistic Disorder (AU) in children, and their usefulness for assessing AD in adults is questionable. We describe and critically review five instruments created specifically for identifying AD in adults. Overall, the normative information provided is limited and evidence of the reliability and validity for each instrument is relatively poor. Further research and development is required before we would recommend one instrument over another for the assessment of AD in adults.
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PMID:[image omitted] Review of five instruments for the assessment of Asperger's Disorder in adults. 2139 Nov 54

Research findings indicate that intensive behavior therapy (e.g., applied behavioral analysis, or ABA) represents an effective treatment for autistic spectrum disorders. Unfortunately, children with autism represent an underserved patient population. Parents often make treatment decisions with insufficient information and report problems in establishing and maintaining treatment programs. This practice review asserts that psychologists, including those without professional certification or coursework in ABA, are in a unique position to assist affected children and their families. Psychologists can provide critical information about evidence-based treatment; offer assistance in overcoming barriers to intensive treatment, including personnel selection; and provide ongoing support to family members. Case examples also illustrate how psychologists can help families address specific barriers to intensive treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).
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PMID:Supporting and treating families with children on the autistic spectrum: The unique role of the generalist psychologist. 2212 5


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