Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)


J Autism Dev Disord 1992 Dec
PMID:Birth order effects on nonverbal IQ in families with multiple incidence of autism or pervasive developmental disorder. 148 84

The present study was designed to examine the effects of social stimulation on the joint attention behavior of 20 autistic children under 6 years of age, 20 receptive language-matched Down syndrome children, and 20 receptive language matched-normally-developing infants. Children's social and non-social engagement states were measured during two experimental play sessions and during free play with parent. For all groups, joint attention was increased when adult play behavior closely followed and was contingent on the behavior of the children; however, the autistic children were significantly less responsive to the experimental manipulation than control subjects. In contrast, the autistic children were no less responsive in terms of other forms of social engagement. Results are interpreted as supporting a model of joint attention deficits in autism that involves factors inherent to the disorder in transaction with social context.
J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992 Dec
PMID:Social stimulation and joint attention in young autistic children. 148 96

Previously, we reported the existence of structurally similar serotonin binding sites on myelin basic protein, LHRH, and MSH-ACTH 4-10. We now report that the adjuvant peptide, muramyl dipeptide (N-acetyl-muramyl-L-Ala-D-isoGln) also binds to these sites. This observation may help to explain previous observations of serotonin-like activity by muramyl peptides, including the promotion of slow-wave sleep and fever induction. The observation may also provide an important link between the immune system and the nervous system that may explain the role of muramyl dipeptide adjuvants in causing autoimmune diseases to serotonin-regulated proteins and their receptors, as well as the alterations in serotonin levels that are often observed in autoimmune diseases. The observation provides concrete evidence for a dual-antigen hypothesis for the induction of autoimmune diseases by an adjuvant-peptide complex. Application of such a mechanism for induction of autoimmunity may be of importance in understanding a number of postinfectious and postvaccinal neuropathies, and suggests a possible etiology for autism, in which many patients have high blood serotonin levels, autoimmune reactions to myelin basic protein, and antibodies to serotonin binding sites. Finally, the observation suggests that glycopeptides may act as neurotransmitters.
Brain Res Bull 1990 Dec
PMID:Serotonin binding sites. II. Muramyl dipeptide binds to serotonin binding sites on myelin basic protein, LHRH, and MSH-ACTH 4-10. 170 62

Childhood autism, the most characteristic subgroup of the broader PDD (pervasive developmental disorders) category, is the consequence of genetic or typically prenatal, organic factors causing cerebral damage. The resulting mental handicap lasts for a lifetime. It is characterized by a behavioural syndrome, that becomes recognizable between the 2.-3. year. The core of the syndrome is a deviant and/or retarded development of cognitive capacities and skills necessary for social relations, communication, fantasy and symbolic thinking. Almost all autistic people (95%) would not reach independence as adults, and most of them (75%) is mentally retarded as well. According to our calculations about 16,000 people are affected in Hungary, in a more or less serious degree, 2000 children among them. Their condition would require intensive, early and long lasting intervention: conditioning, training, education, and special social services. Today we do not possess the necessary organisational background, nor the professional training, and knowledge. For the early diagnosis, proper care and services the competence of child- and general psychiatrists, also of family doctors is indispensable. The author summarizes the most important available informations on the field first of all for those, who work in the general medical services.
Orv Hetil 1991 Dec 23
PMID:[Current concept of autism]. 176 60

During the past two decades psychopharmacologists have made considerable strides in establishing the safety and efficacy of psychotropic drug therapy for childhood behavior disorders. Most of the research has focused on children with disruptive behavior disorders, autism, or mental retardation, but more recently other disorders such as depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, separation anxiety (school refusal), and Tourette syndrome are also receiving attention. Psychopharmacotherapy has often been a matter of controversy, with most issues pertaining to either the appropriateness of medication (e.g., rationales for treatment, alternative interventions, toxicity, iatrogenic effects) or inadequacies of clinical management (e.g., availability of services, drug assessment procedures, limitations of research). This article presents a brief overview of the safety and efficacy of psychotropic drugs and the issues associated with their use in clinical settings.
J Consult Clin Psychol 1991 Dec
PMID:Clinical issues in child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 177 69

The charts of 46 children diagnosed as deaf and autistic were reviewed. Nearly one-fifth had normal or near-normal non-verbal intelligence and only one-fifth had severe mental deficiency. The severity of the autistic behavior was related to the severity of the mental deficiency, but not to that of the hearing loss. In 11 of the 46 children, autism went unrecognized for over four years after the diagnosis of hearing loss, and in 10 the hearing loss went unrecognized for several years after the diagnosis of autism. The educational experience of some children was generally disastrous because of the frequently late and incorrect diagnoses and the lack of specialized facilities for hearing-impaired autistic children.
Dev Med Child Neurol 1991 Dec
PMID:Hearing-impaired autistic children. 177 43

Mothers of 60 children with autism participated in this study to measure the effects of social support and hardiness on the women's responses to the stressful demands of raising a child with a disability. MANOVA analysis indicated a significant main effect for hardiness, Wilks' lambda = .859, approx. F(2, 55) = 4.494, p less than .02. There were no main effects for social support, or for the interaction of social support and hardiness. In regression analyses, the best combination of predictors of depressive symptoms were the Commitment dimension on the Hardiness Questionnaire and the total score on the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List social support inventory, mult. R = .783, p less than .001. The best predictor of somatic complaints was total Hardiness score, mult. R = .698, p less than .01. There was a significant correlation between hardiness and perceived social support, r(57) = -.67, p less than .001. Results are discussed in terms of the relationship between perceived social support and hardiness and the potential buffering effect of these dimensions.
J Autism Dev Disord 1991 Dec
PMID:Hardiness and social support as predictors of psychological discomfort in mothers of children with autism. 177 57

Rett syndrome was first described in 1966 by Andreas Rett. To date, this syndrome has been reported only to afflict females. The disorder is characterized by a progressive loss of cognitive and motor skills as well as the development of stereotypic hand movements, occurring after an apparently normal 6 to 18 months of development. Although Rett syndrome is thought to afflict as many as 10,000 girls in the United States, fewer than 1,200 have been identified thus far. A lack of awareness of this disorder is thought to play a critical role in the failure to differentially diagnose this syndrome. The present article presents a review of our current knowledge concerning this disorder. Information is provided related to the clinical manifestations, etiology, prevalence, pathogenesis, and treatment of the Rett syndrome.
J Autism Dev Disord 1991 Dec
PMID:Rett syndrome: a review of current knowledge. 177 56

Reliability and validity of three commonly used autism scales, the Autism Behavior Checklist (Krug, Arick, & Almond, 1980), the Real Life Rating Scale (Freeman, Ritvo, Yokota, & Ritvo, 1986), and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (Schopler, Reichler, & Renner, 1988), were investigated. Data analyses were based on completed protocols for 24 children or adolescents who met DSM-III-R criteria for pervasive developmental disorders. First, to replicate previous findings, interrater reliability of each of the two direct observational scales was assessed. Second, correlations between pairs of the three scales were calculated. Third, diagnostic classifications based on autism scale cutoff scores were compared to classifications based on DSM-III-R criteria. Fourth, relationships between autism scale scores and adaptive behavior scores were investigated. Results and implications for the use of these scales in the assessment of autistic behaviors are discussed.
J Autism Dev Disord 1991 Dec
PMID:A comparison and evaluation of three commonly used autism scales. 177 58

Examined the effects of two instructional methods on language generalization and long-term retention in 23 adults with autism and severe to profound mental retardation. Analog language teaching employed discrete trials in a controlled setting concentrating on discrimination and identification of materials. Natural language teaching emphasized instruction through interactions that occurred incidentally to training students in the use of materials to perform functional tasks. Assessments were conducted under conditions favoring analog teaching to assure against partiality toward natural language teaching. Under such disadvantageous conditions, the methods of natural language teaching would be supported by results showing either no difference or an advantage in their favor. Both techniques increased initial and long-term generalization though the results suggest no relative superiority for either method under these assessment conditions. A significant interaction was found between prior functioning level and sequence of instruction. Because natural language teaching has many strengths, few drawbacks, and produces equal generalization and retention under disadvantageous conditions, it is strongly supported as preferable for people with autism and mental retardation.
J Autism Dev Disord 1991 Dec
PMID:Analog language teaching versus natural language teaching: generalization and retention of language learning for adults with autism and mental retardation. 177 59


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>