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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)


J Autism Dev Disord 1992 Sep
PMID:The prevalence of Rett syndrome and infantile autism in Chikugo District, the southwestern area of Fukuoka prefecture, Japan. 140 Jan 8

Leslie (1987, Psychological Review, 94, 412-426) proposed that the "theory of mind" deficit in autism was the result of a metarepresentation impairment. Studies employing False Photograph or Belief tests have shown that in autism the deficit is restricted to representing mental representations, and does not extend to representing pictorial representations. In this study, we tested this claim further using a False Drawing test. Subjects with autism performed at the same level as mentally handicapped or normal 4-year-old subjects on the False Drawing test, but significantly worse on the False Belief test. This confirmed the specificity of the deficit in autism.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992 Sep
PMID:Understanding drawings and beliefs: a further test of the metarepresentation theory of autism: a research note. 140 Jun 91

In the present study we describe a sensitive ELISA for determination of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). To validate the method combined determinations of GFAP and S-100 protein were performed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of normal children and children with autism. The GFAP ELISA is of sandwich type and uses the biotin-avidin system. Sensitivity was 16 pg/ml. Between-day precision was 0.079 (coeff. of variance). S-100 protein concentrations were measured using a commercially available ELISA kit. Normal CSF from children and young adults were analysed. The CSF levels of GFAP in normal children were low (16-163 pg/ml). Both GFAP and S-100 protein concentrations correlated with age (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively), but the GFAP increment was more pronounced, probably reflecting the age-dependent expansion of the fibrillary astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). GFAP levels in children with infantile autism were higher than those in normal children of the same age range. S-100 protein concentrations were similar in both groups. High levels of GFAP in combination with normal S-100 protein concentrations in CSF indicates reactive astrogliosis in the CNS. In conclusion, the sensitive ELISA described makes it possible to measure low levels of GFAP present in the CSF of children. Combined assays of GFAP and S-100 protein can be used to discriminate between acute and chronic brain disorders in children.
J Neurosci Methods 1992 Sep
PMID:A sensitive ELISA for glial fibrillary acidic protein: application in CSF of children. 147 47

Three boys are described with a mixed developmental disorder, which so far appears to have a relatively good prognosis. Each boy presented in early infancy with visual unresponsiveness, which spontaneously resolved. This delayed visual maturation was accompanied or followed by severe autistic impairment, general developmental delay, hypotonia and clumsiness. Subsequent progress has been unexpectedly favourable, with striking improvements in language, play, social interest and social competence. Widespread, patchy delay in brain maturation could possibly account for this combination of delayed visual maturation and autism, with a good prognosis.
Dev Med Child Neurol 1990 Sep
PMID:Delayed visual maturation and autism. 169 29

The history of residential care for those with autism and other developmental handicaps is summarized for the past 200 years. Residential trends toward community integration in the past three decades are traced for autism in general and for one state institution in particular. Parallel cycles for residential care from previous periods are identified. Some negative side effects of current trends are identified if the needs of the population with handicaps and the community are not better integrated in the future.
J Autism Dev Disord 1990 Sep
PMID:Past and present trends in residential treatment. 169 23

A community resource network, Annie Sullivan Enterprises, Inc., is described as a system for community integration of children and youth who have developmental disabilities and mental health problems. A brokerage model is espoused for accessing and delivering services. The model is based on Hobb's (1975) view that organization of human services must be based primarily on the client's needs rather than on the needs of the service agency. Lessons and recommendations based upon 7 years of successful operation are described.
J Autism Dev Disord 1990 Sep
PMID:The future of children is now. 169 24

Historically, the normalization principle has been influential in promoting a comprehensive community-based service delivery system for people with developmental handicaps. However, its effects were more positive a decade ago when the issues were simply inhumane institutions or more individualized community-based alternatives. Issues in community-based programs for developmentally handicapped people have become more diverse and the choices more complex. In the current climate, the effects of the normalization principle have polarized issues for several reasons: The theory works better than current practice, the criteria are vague and the goals unattainable, normalization takes the focus away from individual client needs, the theory discourages diversity, normalization has become a rallying point for inappropriate practices, overzealousness of normalization advocates has polarized issues, normalization promotes an undesirable value system, and normalization ignores handicapped clients' deficits. What is needed to replace the normalization principle today are guiding concepts that are clearer, more responsive to client needs, and more reflective of value systems that are in the best interests of handicapped people.
J Autism Dev Disord 1990 Sep
PMID:Normalization and its relevance today. 130 Oct 47

While there seems to be general agreement that genetic factors play some role in the etiology of autism, many important questions remain unresolved. The purpose of this paper is to review five issues with respect to the association between low IQ and autism from a familial-genetic viewpoint: (1) does IQ estimate the severity of the autistic genotype?; (2) what is the relationship between probands' and sibs' IQs?; (3) what is the relationship between parents' and probands' IQs?; (4) why do females with autism have lower IQs than males with the disorder?; and (5) does IQ vary with the cause of autism? With respect to each issue, possible resolutions are outlined, as are the implications for understanding the genetic mode of transmission. The review concludes with a possible model for the genetic etiology of autism.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991 Sep
PMID:IQ and the genetics of autism. 174 93

Social and task-oriented behaviours of autistic children were compared to those of individually age- and IQ-matched non-autistic retarded controls. Autistic children showed deficits in visual reciprocity, in indicating joint attention and referential head gestures, and in the integration of gaze and gestures when reacting to tasks. The findings confirmed the notion of social and pragmatic communicative deficits in autism. The implications of these findings for theories of social behaviour in autism (avoidance, facial perception, theory of mind) are discussed.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1991 Sep
PMID:Differences in the structure of social behaviour of autistic children and non-autistic retarded controls. 174 1

The conversational skills of 18 individuals with fragile-X syndrome (FXS) were compared with those of two other matched groups with autism and Down syndrome. The FXS group used more eliciting forms in conversation than those with Down syndrome, and also used partial self-repetition more often than the other two groups. The Down syndrome group had more speech dysfluencies than those with autism, but not more than those with FXS. The autistic group used more inappropriate phrases. Qualitative analysis of behavioral phenotype may reveal differences in communicative organization among subgroups whose retardation is based on different genotypes. In addition, analysis of verbal strategies during conversation suggests important differences between individuals with FXS and autism.
Dev Med Child Neurol 1991 Sep
PMID:Conversational skills of individuals with fragile-X syndrome: a comparison with autism and Down syndrome. 183 6


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