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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Responses of 15 young children with autism and their mothers were analyzed as these families proceeded through a program of skill training and family support. The influence of task difficulty on the children's behavior problems and on the mother's teaching skills was evaluated at three distinct points over a one-year period. Results showed that (a) behavior problems were significantly reduced and teaching skills were significantly improved over the course of training and (b) the difficulty of the task was related to behavior problems and teaching skills. Findings were discussed in relation to implications for assessment and intervention with young children who have autism.
Am J Ment Retard 1992 May
PMID:Effects of task difficulty on parent teaching skills and behavior problems of young children with autism. 134 40

Eight young adults who were diagnosed with autism were given the opiate antagonist naltrexone to control self-injurious behavior and maladaptive idiosyncratic mannerisms. The drug and placebo were administered in a double-blind crossover design over 17 weeks. Although one subject appeared to have partial decreases in maladaptive behaviors associated with naltrexone use, the drugs, as administered in this study, did not reduce the self-injurious and other maladaptive behaviors of the subjects.
Am J Ment Retard 1992 Jul
PMID:Clinical effects of naltrexone on autistic behavior. 149 64

The 1985-86 data from 308 children and young adults under age 25 with autism and from 326 with severe or profound mental retardation can be compared to national data from the 1980 MNCUES and the 1987 NMES because the methods are similar. These data provide detailed answers to the questions, what health care services are used? what are the expenses? Who pays them? Until now, the absence of comprehensive national data had hindered the development of new approaches to financing the care of children with serious, lifelong conditions. These data permit policymakers to take into account the needs and expenditures for severely developmentally disabled children when reforming the health care financing system. None of the children or young adults had expenditures in excess of $50,000, and very few reached the upper $20,000s. For children with autism the average annual health care expenditure was about $1,000 and about $1,700 for young adults, compared to the $414 average for all American children. They received an average of four physician visits annually, slightly above the U.S. average for children. Their hospitalization rate was twice the average for children. Hospitalization accounted for one-third the health care expenditures among children with autism, but for two-thirds among young adults. For children and young adults with severe retardation the average expenditure on health care was about $4,000, due to the physical impairments in two thirds of the children. They averaged about 12 physician visits annually, falling to 8 among young adults. Children were hospitalized about eight times the national rate, and young adults about twice. Among severely retarded children and young adults living at home, hospitalization accounted for over half the health care expenses, but for only one third for those in residential placement. Unfortunately, preventive and habilitative services were but a tiny fraction of health care expenditures and were demonstrably underutilized. Only 60% of these children had routine dental examinations within the last 12 months, a worse record than the average child. For the individuals whose primary physicians judged that they would benefit from physical or speech therapy, less than one quarter were receiving them. Care for seriously, chronically disabled children places great burdens on immediate family members. Only 20% of the severely retarded youngsters from age 10 to 24 could be left alone at home, even for a few minutes, and only 30% of the autistic ones. These developmental disabilities create needs for personal care and family support that traditionally have not been considered health services.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Monogr Am Assoc Ment Retard 1990
PMID:Health care financing for severe developmental disabilities. 170 21

A comprehensive review of Rett syndrome, a recently identified developmental disability found only in females, was presented. The syndrome involves severe physical and mental handicaps. The rapidly accumulating research on Rett syndrome was reviewed for readers without a medical background. A brief history of Rett syndrome, the diagnostic criteria for this disorder, and the clinical stages that have been noted were presented. Information on the incidence of Rett syndrome and a discussion of issues in differential diagnosis (particularly with autism) was also included. The etiological data and genetic theories were then discussed as were treatment approaches and prognosis.
Am J Ment Retard 1991 Nov
PMID:Rett syndrome: a comprehensive review of the literature. 175 32

The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales were used to assess adaptive behavior of MA-matched preschool children with autism or Down syndrome. Preschoolers with Down syndrome attained higher age equivalents and standard scores in the Socialization domain than did children with autism. Adaptive standard scores were unrelated to chronological age (CA) in both groups. However, adaptive age equivalent was positively related to CA for children with Down syndrome in all domains, but only in Communication for children with autism. All children with higher mental ages (MAs) also had higher levels of adaptive skills in all domains. Vineland standard scores recalculated by MA were higher in the Down syndrome than the autism group for Socialization. Results suggest that differing patterns of adaptive development are present very early in children with autism or Down syndrome.
Am J Ment Retard 1991 Jul
PMID:Development of adaptive behavior in preschoolers with autism or Down syndrome. 183 19

Deviant, repetitive language of 33 males (9 with Down syndrome, 12 with fragile X (fra[X]) syndrome, and 12 with autism) was analyzed within three conversational contexts: direct responses, initiation of new material, and topic maintenance. Results indicated that males with fra(X) manifest deviant, repetitive language that is distinct from males with either Down syndrome or autism. Thus, the deviant repetitive language of males with fra(X) cannot be accounted for by either their level of adaptive functioning or autistic-like behaviors per se. Possible explanations for this etiologically specific language deviance were discussed.
Am J Ment Retard 1990 Jan
PMID:Conversational analyses of males with fragile X, Down syndrome, and autism: comparison of the emergence of deviant language. 213 3

A cytogenetic survey of 67 individuals previously identified as having mental retardation and autistic behaviors revealed 1 person (1.5%) with the fragile X chromosome (fra[X]) and 3 (4.5%) with autosome abnormalities. This low prevalence of fra(X) indicates that most persons with fra(X) in this mental retardation center did not have autistic behaviors severe enough to be identified as a secondary psychiatric diagnosis. The presence of other chromosomal abnormalities is consistent with the known causal heterogeneity of autism in mental retardation populations.
Am J Ment Retard 1990 Jan
PMID:Cytogenetic survey for autistic fragile X carriers in a mental retardation center. 229 26

The diagnosis of behavioral and cognitive disorders in preschool children is difficult. Infantile austism is more likely to be diagnosed than is mental retardation. Yet most children with infantile autism are also mentally retarded, and many of those with severe and profound mental retardation show autistic behavior. Factors misleading professionals into overlooking mental retardation when assessing preschool children were discussed, and essential components in the management of preschool children with behavioral, developmental, or cognitive deviations were examined.
Ment Retard 1989 Apr
PMID:Misleading cues in the diagnosis of mental retardation and infantile autism in the preschool child. 271 15

Preference for social gaze as well as the percentage occurrence of social gaze, nonverbal social avoidance, and nonverbal repetitive behaviors were examined in autistic and nonautistic prepubertal males with the fragile X syndrome (fra[X]) during social interaction with a parent or stranger. Comparison groups were nonhandicapped, Down syndrome, atypical pervasive developmental disorder, and autistic males. The subjects with fra(X) and the nonhandicapped and Down syndrome control subjects discriminated parent from stranger as evidenced by their avoidance behavior. The overall percentage of avoidance was higher, however, for both parent and stranger, among the males with fra(X). Autistic and atypical groups without fra(X) failed to discriminate parent from stranger in their avoidance behavior. Possible explanations for these group differences in terms of language level or degree of language demand were ruled out. Implications for research concerning the relations among fra(X), autism, and mental retardation were discussed.
Am J Ment Retard 1988 Mar
PMID:Social gaze, social avoidance, and repetitive behavior in fragile X males: a controlled study. 296 90

Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales were used to assess adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome or autism. Matched for verbal mental age (MA), the groups did not differ in adaptive behavior; however, older individuals with Down syndrome had more skills than did younger ones in all areas measured. Skills did not change for the autistic group. For persons with Down syndrome, adaptive skills kept pace with verbal and nonverbal MA, whereas those with autism were delayed in communication and socialization relative to their nonverbal MA.
Am J Ment Retard 1988 Jul
PMID:Development of adaptive behavior in adolescents and young adults with autism and Down syndrome. 297 Aug 61


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