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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sixteen children said to be "borderline" were referred for comprehensive evaluation. None met DSM III criteria for borderline personality disorder. Referring psychiatrists and psychologists seemed to base their impressions on the child's disorganized thinking and irrational, erratic behavior, problems that were better understood and treated from a developmental perspective. The borderline label had a negative impact on some children, and was not helpful for treatment planning or disposition. Clear guidelines for the application of this ambiguous and controversial diagnostic term in child psychiatry are nonexistent.
J Autism Dev Disord 1983 Mar
PMID:"Borderline" children. 685 40

The subjects of this study were 19 children and 11 adolescents who had been psychotic since childhood and who satisfied DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia except for the stipulation that a "deterioration from a previous level of functioning" must have occurred. Seven subjects had had documented signs of psychosis before the age of 30 months. The presence of thought disorder precluded giving these 7 subjects the diagnosis of early infantile autism. The authors argue that only symptoms and signs, not age at onset, can define a disorder. They also emphasize that in children and adolescents, developmental issues influence the clinical presentation.
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PMID:Childhood schizophrenia: present but not accounted for. 708 88

Schizophrenic children admitted as inpatients to a child psychiatric unit over a 10-year period were reviewed in terms of demographic characteristics, clinical features, and social adaptation using the DSM-III as a frame of reference. Ten children who were first seen at least 1 year previously were followed up and reassessed as regards clinical status and level of adaptive functioning. As in other studies, outcome was related to age at onset, premorbid level of adaptation, rapidly of onset, clinical subtype, and presence of affective symptoms. However, deterioration following the active phase of the illness occurred in only four cases. The outcome in childhood schizophrenia may be more favorable than generally assumed, but there is a need for longer and larger studies of carefully diagnosed groups.
J Autism Dev Disord 1982 Dec
PMID:Schizophrenia in children under 16 years. 716 Dec 36

Brachmann-de Lange syndrome (BDLS) is a rare multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome with variable expression, making diagnosis of mild cases difficult. The most consistent manifestations appear to be the characteristic face, which can be subtle in children who are mildly affected [Ireland and Burn, 1991: Twelfth Annual David W. Smith Workshop on Malformations and Morphogenesis]. Other aspects of the syndrome include variable degrees of mental retardation, growth retardation, structural abnormalities of the limbs, and behavior abnormalities, noted to be "autistic" [Jones, 1988: "Smith's recognizable patterns of human malformation"]. Johnson et al. [1976: Pediatr Res 10:843-850] described a behavior phenotype felt to be common in patients with BDLS. They predicted that patients with BDLS may respond to "behavioral intervention". Other behavior abnormalities in BDLS have been reported [Barr et al., 1971: Neuropadiatrie 3:46-66; Hawley et al., 1985: Am J Med Genet 20:453-459]. We report on a 6-year-old boy with the facial characteristics of BDLS, normal birth weight, prenatal onset of a small head relative to length, postnatal onset growth deficiency, nearly normal psychomotor development with onset of clear developmental delays by 2 years. He developed behavior problems similar to those seen in other patients with BDLS. These behaviors are most consistent with Pervasive Development Disorder-NOS (PDD), and Autistic Disorder [DSM-III-R, 1987] which encompasses a spectrum of mild to severe autistic behaviors. We report successful in-patient care utilizing medical and behavioral techniques to reduce the frequency of the behaviors. We feel that the presence of the characteristic behaviors may be helpful in confirming the diagnosis of BDLS.
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PMID:Mild Brachmann-de Lange syndrome. Delineation of the clinical phenotype, and characteristic behaviors in a six-year-old boy. 750 94

Several factors appear to impede the development of a valid taxonomy of psychopathology in children and adolescents with mental retardation. These include (a) the lack of a widely accepted definition of psychopathology in mental retardation, (b) disagreement on the nature of the relationship between mental retardation and psychopathology, and (c) insufficient evidence for the reliability and validity of current DSM or ICD systems in this population. In this article, we offer a definition of psychopathology in children with mental retardation; review concepts of the relationship between psychopathology and mental retardation; argue that in moving toward a valid taxonomy factors to be considered should include data from multivariate studies, findings related to behavior phenotypes, and diagnostic considerations with stereotypic behavior and self-injury, organic brain syndromes and pervasive developmental disorders. Finally, we outline a research strategy that may serve as a useful framework for developing a valid taxonomy of psychopathology in this population.
J Autism Dev Disord 1995 Apr
PMID:Issues in the taxonomy of psychopathology in mental retardation. 755 82

The use of psychostimulants in autistic disorder has not received extensive evaluation. Furthermore, their use for the symptomatic control of autistic disorder has been felt to be contraindicated. This study investigates the use of methylphenidate (MPH) for the treatment of selected symptoms of autistic disorder. Ten children, ages 7-11, with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of autistic disorder participated in a double-blind crossover study using placebo and two MPH doses (10 mg or 20 mg bid). Subjects showed modest but statistically significant improvement on MPH over placebo. No significant side effects including worsening stereotypic movements occurred on either dose. Improvement in hyperactivity and lack of adverse effects suggest that MPH may be useful in the treatment of hyperactive autistic children.
J Autism Dev Disord 1995 Jun
PMID:Use of methylphenidate in the treatment of children with autistic disorder. 755 93

Asperger syndrome (AS) is a pervasive developmental disorder generally regarded as a variant of autism. While it has been included in the ICD-10 and DSM-IV as a distinct diagnostic entity, it is still unclear to what extent it differs from high-functioning autism (HFA). Persons with HFA have been reported to show a variety of deficits of thought processes. Abnormalities such as poor reality testing, perceptual distortions, and areas of cognitive slippage have been described using the Rorschach inkblot test (Dykens, Volkmar, & Glick, 1991). Since AS has been conceptualized as a mild variant of autism, we hypothesized that persons with AS will have fewer abnormalities on the Rorschach test compared to persons with HFA. To test this hypothesis, we compared 12 subjects with AS (ICD-10, 10 male, mean age = 12.2 +/- 3.3 years, mean full-scale IQ = 99.6) with 8 subjects with HFA (ICD-10/DSM-III-R, 7 male, mean age = 12.2 +/- 3.8 years, mean full-scale IQ = 83.4) on the Rorschach test. AS subjects demonstrated a trend towards greater levels of disorganized thinking than the HFA group. They were also more likely to be classified as "Introversive" suggesting that AS subjects may have more complex inner lives involving elaborate fantasies, Also, AS subjects tended to be more focused on their internal experiences. However, overall, the Rorschach test was not found to differentiate the two diagnostic groups on the majority of structural variables. Implications of these findings are discussed with regard to the diagnostic validity of Asperger syndrome.
J Autism Dev Disord 1995 Jun
PMID:Brief report: thought disorder in Asperger syndrome: comparison with high-functioning autism. 755 96

The records of 144 patients of Child Psychiatry Units of Alsace (France), with childhood psychosis (CP) or pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) have been systematically screened for previous or associated pathological events. Half of the children studied have been or are still affected by severe somatic disorders, but none of the diagnostic subcategories (referring to DSM III or CFTMEA) appeared significantly more frequently affected. In our population, the severity of organic disorders was positively correlated with: the age of the mother: more severe cases were reported when the mother was younger than 20 or older than 40 at the moment of childbirth; pathological events during pregnancy; early mother-child separation during the first year of life. The most frequent associated disorders however (neonatal pathology 45% of the cases, epilepsy 17% of the cases, neurological or neurosensorial pathology 15% of the cases) were associated neither with a specific diagnostic nor with a clinical and social specific pattern. The only statistically significant correlation was found between neurological pathology and a relatively low level of cognitive and social functioning. All these results were confirmed by multivariate statistical analysis. A main component analysis integrating all quantified data concerning organic pathology was performed: it emphasizes the independence of the different pathological events reported. The factorial analysis including the clinical, diagnostical and somatic event-related data failed to show any statistical profile associating functional features of the children with any particular previous or existing somatic disorders. Our results suggest that a history of organic pathological events is frequent not only in autistic disorders but in any kind of PDD or early CP - associated with moderate to severe mental retardation, in most cases of our study. However, this does not demonstrate that this type of pathological events constitute the direct and unique cause of PDD and CP: the concept of the aetiology of these severe diseases must take account of other factors - such as relational disruption -, also frequently seen in these children.
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PMID:[Childhood psychoses and organic pathology: results of a study of 144 cases]. 758 70

The Pre-Linguistic Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (PL-ADOS) is a semistructured observation scale designed for use as a diagnostic tool for children less than 6 years old who are not yet using phrase speech and are suspected of having autism. The PL-ADOS takes approximately 30 minutes to administer and is appropriate for use with this population because of its emphasis on playful interactions and the use of toys designed for young children. Reliability studies indicated that both individual activity ratings and summary ratings could be reliably scored from videotaped assessments by naive raters. Additionally, PL-ADOS scores of nonverbal preschool-aged children referred for clinical diagnosis and classified on the basis of a diagnostic team's clinical judgment, clearly discriminated between autistic and nonautistic developmentally disabled children. The resulting diagnostic algorithm is theoretically linked to diagnostic constructs associated with ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria for autism.
J Autism Dev Disord 1995 Aug
PMID:The pre-linguistic autism diagnostic observation schedule. 759 49

During the last five years, it has been recognized a very high incidence of autism in children affected by tuberous sclerosis; we believe that this association may be more than just a coincidence and that it may be that the autistic behavior spectrum is related to a great extent, to the anatomic localization of tubers in the frontal and temporoparietal areas. In this study we report our experience with 27 consecutive children, 12 boys and 15 girls with a diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis confirmed by clinical and MRI and or CT findings according to the diagnostic criteria developed by the Diagnosis Criteria Committee of the National Tuberous Sclerosis Association. They were studied during the period of 1988 to 1990. Ages range from 18 months to 16 years (mean: 6.5 years). Twenty-four had epilepsy and were receiving antiepileptic treatment. Seven of the 27 children (25.9 per cent) fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder according to the DSM-III-R. The autistic behavior was evident in all of them by three and half years. The seven children had mental retardation. MRI and CT findings with subependymal calcifications and cortical tubers of frontal and temporoparietal predominance were seen in five of the seven autistic children. In one child, CT was normal and in the other it was not performed. Five were girls and all had West syndrome; two were boys and neither had seizures. Most of the reported cases of children with tuberous sclerosis and autism had experiences West syndrome. In our patients, five of the seven children with autism had west syndrome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Autism in tuberous sclerosis]. 760 68


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