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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Research on infantile autism in child psychiatry refers mainly to a concept of "non-change" and not so much to a concept of "change". Very few investigations included longitudinal perspectives. Even commonly used classifications (e.g., DSM III-R) did not consider developmental aspects. However, if we want to find better treatment approaches to help autistic children, we should try to elucidate basic developmental mechanisms concerning behavioral, biological, psychological and social factors taking into account both a concept of "change" and one of "non-change". Having in mind both the relationship between brain function and developmental psychopathology as well as the possible interaction of the two developmental concepts mentioned above, the article first clarifies terms related to maturation in children like "absolute change" (e.g., intraindividual growth) and "relative change" (e.g., growth relative to the age group). In addition, the existence of a so-called after-maturation of the CNS (i.e., absolute and relative "change") in psychiatric disordered children is illustrated by the author's neurophysiological research. In contrast, an example of absolute "change" and relative "non-change" of electrical brain activity is given, i.e., power spectra of a child are like fingerprints. Furthermore, two kinds of maturational problems are discussed (developmental deviation versus developmental retardation). On the basis of these informations, the author refers to the main topic, namely, the relationship between central nervous maturation and behavior in autistic children. It is suggested, that recent imaging techniques and progress in EEG analysis should lead to new efforts in order to further investigate the question of lateralization deficits and its relation to language problems in autistic children during their development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Research on autism. Different aspects of changes observed during the development period]. 129 91

Autism is a rare disorder, whose frequency varies according to research from 0.7 to 4.5 per 10,000. The results of 40 children examined in the Out-patient Rehabilitation Union for Autistic Children showed that according to the DSM-III-R criteria 3 children suffered from autism. The authors suggest that the DSM-III-R criteria are either not known to the diagnosticians or are not used in the diagnosis.
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PMID:[Autism, infantile: diagnostic aspects]. 130 11

In infantile autism, the serotoninergic (5-HT) hypothesis is corroborated by biological dosages and therapeutic effects of fenfluramine which decrease blood serotonin. However other drugs, such as dopaminergic agonists or antagonists, have therapeutic effects. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that two dopaminergic (DA) drugs have a similar 5-HT effect underlying the therapeutic efficiency. We evaluated in a randomized, double-blind and cross-over study, the effects of a DA agonist (bromocriptine) and a DA antagonist (amisulpride) on platelet 5-HT in infantile autism. The prolactinemia, reflecting the DA action, has been also measured. Nine children, aged from 4 to 13 years, according to the DSM III for infantile autism, received either drug in a random order during four weeks with an in-between placebo period of six weeks. The dosages of platelet 5-HT and serum prolactin were carried out at the beginning and at the end of every phase of treatment (active or placebo) with radioenzymology and radioimmunoassay methods respectively. The principal results on serum prolactin show neither order x treatment interaction, nor order effect but a significant treatment effect (p < 0.01): amisulpride increases serum prolactin whereas bromocriptine decreases according to the usual data. About platelet 5-HT, there is neither order x treatment interaction, nor treatment effect but a significant order effect (p < 0.01). Both drugs increase platelet 5-HT in the first phase of treatment. This order effect could be explained by a remanent effect of amisulpride after 6 wash-out weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Platelet serotonin in infantile autism. Cross-over effects of a dopamine agonist and an antagonist]. 136 54

Many autistic children have associated problems of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that limit the effectiveness of educational and behavioral interventions. Few controlled psychopharmacologic trials have been conducted in autistic children to determine which agents may be effective for these associated features. Eight male children (8.1 +/- 2.8 years) with autistic disorder, diagnosed by DSM-III-R criteria, completed a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover trial of clonidine. Subjects were included in the study if they had inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that was excessive for their developmental level. Subjects had not tolerated or responded to other psychopharmacologic treatments (neuroleptics, methylphenidate, or desipramine). Teacher ratings on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist irritability, stereotypy, hyperactivity, and inappropriate speech factors were lower during treatment with clonidine than during treatment with placebo. Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: Comprehensive Teacher's Rating Scale ratings were not significantly improved during the study, except for oppositional behavior. Parent Conners Abbreviated Parent-Teacher Questionnaire ratings significantly improved during clonidine treatment. Clonidine led to increased ratings of the side effects of drowsiness and decreased activity. Clinician ratings (Children's Psychiatric Rating Scale Autism, Hyperactivity, Anger and Speech Deviance factors; Children's Global Assessment Scale; Clinical Global Impressions efficacy) of videotaped sessions were not significantly different between clonidine and placebo. Clonidine was modestly effective in the short-term treatment of irritability and hyperactivity in some children with autistic disorder.
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PMID:Clonidine treatment of hyperactive and impulsive children with autistic disorder. 147 49

ICD-10 draft research criteria for childhood autism were applied to a previously published data set comparing DSM-III and DSM-III-R to clinicians' diagnoses of autism. The ICD-10 approach paralleled clinicians' patterns of diagnosis and, to a lesser extent, the DSM-III system. Relative to either clinicians, DSM-III, or ICD-10 the DSM-III-R system overdiagnosed the presence of autism. Implications for research and for future revision of diagnostic criteria are discussed.
J Autism Dev Disord 1992 Dec
PMID:Three diagnostic systems for autism: DSM-III, DSM-III-R, and ICD-10. 148 72

The purpose of this study was to clarify the issue of whether DSM-III-R (American Psychological Association [APA], 1987) over- or underdiagnoses autism by comparing this diagnostic system to a well-established objective measure of diagnosis, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). A secondary goal was to determine which of the 16 criteria are the best discriminators of autism. DSM-III-R, CARS, and clinical diagnoses of 138 consecutive admissions to a statewide program for the diagnosis and treatment of autistic and related communication-handicapped individuals (Division TEACCH in North Carolina) were compared. Results indicated a generally high degree of agreement on the diagnosis of autism using the three systems. Within this treatment-oriented program, the CARS and clinical ratings diagnosed a greater number of cases as autistic than did the DSM-III-R criteria, suggesting that DSM-III-R slightly underdiagnosed autism. The criteria that most strongly related to the diagnosis of autism regardless of the system were lack of awareness of others, abnormal social play, an impaired ability to make friends, abnormal nonverbal communication, stereotypic body movements, and restricted range of interests.
J Autism Dev Disord 1992 Dec
PMID:Comparison of DSM-III-R and childhood autism rating scale diagnoses of autism. 148 73

The objective of this paper is to review the psychometric properties of the new DSM-III-R criteria for autism. Five data sets were evaluated according to a set of methodological criteria. The results indicate that the DSM-III-R criteria for autistic disorder have, on average, very good sensitivity, but much lower specificity. The implications of this are (a) greater numbers of children diagnosed as autistic; (b) greater numbers of children misdiagnosed as autistic; and (c) greater heterogeneity among samples of autistic children. In essence, the DSM-III-R criteria act more like screening tests than diagnostic criteria. Conceptual and methodologic issues in the evaluation of diagnostic criteria are discussed.
J Autism Dev Disord 1992 Dec
PMID:A review of the DSM-III-R criteria for autistic disorder. 148 74

The present paper provides a brief history of the development of the DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1987) section on Pervasive Developmental Disorders. It describes the process by which the contents of the text and criteria for Autistic Disorder and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified were decided and gives the reasons for the changes from DSM-III (APA, 1980) categories and criteria. The paper concludes with a short discussion of critical diagnostic issues.
J Autism Dev Disord 1992 Dec
PMID:Pervasive developmental disorders: from DSM-III to DSM-III-R. 148 75

The author reviews the issue on whether Rett syndrome (RS) is a subtype of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). More than 200 articles of RS have been published in the last 10 years. Internal and external validities of RS have been established by several independent studies. There remains the question whether RS presents clinical features that meet the total criteria for PDDs. The available data seem to support the idea of classifying RS as a subtype of PDDs in the DSM-IV.
J Autism Dev Disord 1992 Dec
PMID:Is Rett syndrome a subtype of pervasive developmental disorders? 148 76

A sample of 43 autistic and developmentally impaired adolescents were assessed with the Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI), DSM-III-R criteria, and the clinician's diagnosis. DSM-III-R criteria for autism have low specificity and agree poorly with the other two definitions. Detailed results of the ADI are provided that confirm the usefulness and discriminant validity of this semi-structured diagnostic interview in a sample of very retarded autistic subjects.
J Autism Dev Disord 1992 Dec
PMID:Diagnostic assessment in a sample of autistic and developmentally impaired adolescents. 148 77


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