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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The possibility of psychological correction of early childhood autism was studied in 11 children. The work is based on an analysis of psychic dysontogenesis regularities and seeks bypass ways of mental development, the possibilities of the environmental arrangement and adults' influence to help to overcome biologically conditioned difficulties in the development of autistic children. They will mainly include a reduction of the emotional and motor tone, an elevated tendency towards sensory and emotional discomfort, the difficulties in the organization of goal-oriented actions. Sensory-emotional sparing regimen, games aimed at the rise of the emotional tone, the ways of a child's activity development and a need in communication are elaborated.
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PMID:[Psychological correction of early infantile autism]. 743 42

Social skills impairment in children with Turner or fragile X syndrome has been documented using parental reports. Anxiety, shyness, and difficulty understanding social cues have been reported for females with Turner syndrome; whereas social withdrawal, avoidance of social interactions, and anxiety are often reported for females with fragile X syndrome. Social interaction anxiety in these two populations may be a framework for understanding the difficulty these children experience in social situations. In the present study, 29 females with Turner syndrome and 21 females with fragile X syndrome ages 6-22 years were compared to females in a comparison group, on a videotaped role-play interaction. Behavioral indices examined included eye-contact maintenance, duration of speech, and body discomfort as observed during the brief interaction. Three of eight such behavioral measures of social skills differentiated the participant groups from each other. Specifically, participants with fragile X required more time to initiate interactions than did participants in either of the remaining groups; and females with Turner syndrome made fewer facial movements than did females in the fragile X or comparison group. Self-report and parental ratings did not suggest higher levels of anxiety in females with Turner or fragile X syndrome, but did reflect higher levels of social difficulty. The authors discuss these findings in terms of understanding the nature of social dysfunction in females with Turner or fragile X syndrome.
J Autism Dev Disord 2003 Feb
PMID:Behavioral assessment of social anxiety in females with Turner or fragile X syndrome. 1270 80

As patients and parents seek more information and the threat of litigation increases, the process of informed consent has assumed greater importance. Data from large adult experiences indicate that the risk of bile duct injury, although small, is greater with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) than open cholecystectomy. This complication has not yet been documented in pediatric practice, where cholecystectomy is relatively uncommon. What method do parents and patients choose if consent is truly informed? Of 57 consecutive children undergoing cholecystectomy, an open procedure was specifically indicated in 20 (previous major gastrointestinal surgery in 11, concomitant major abdominal operation in four, and complex biliary tract disease in five) and LC in two (cystic fibrosis, severe autism). The remaining 35 patients were counseled in a standard manner about the relative merits of LC versus mini-cholecystectomy (MC) and allowed to choose. Specifically, they were informed that LC offers better cosmesis, less postoperative discomfort, and a shorter hospital stay, but in adults is associated with a slightly increased rate of bile duct injury (0.3-0.5% vs. 0.2%). All MCs were performed through a 4-cm incision. Parents chose LC in 23 cases and MC in 12. The median age of both groups was similar. No surgical complications occurred, and there were no conversions in the LC group. No patient had retained stones. LC patients were discharged home after a mean of 1.7 days and MC patients after 2.3 days (0.1 > p > 0.05). If an open or laparoscopic technique is not specifically indicated and if parents/patients are fully informed, a significant minority may opt for mini-cholecystectomy.
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PMID:Informed consent and choice in cholecystectomy. 1549 Jan 93

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Second Edition was administered to 20 adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who fell in the average to above average range of intelligence and 24 age-, intelligence-, and gender-matched college students. Large group differences, with the ASD group scoring higher, were found on the L validity scale, Clinical Scales 2 (D) and 0 (Si), Content scale Social Discomfort (SOD), Supplementary scale Repression (R), and Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) scale INTR (Introversion). The proportion of ASD adults scoring in the clinical range on these scales was between 25% and 35%. High scores on these scales are consistent with the clinical picture of Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism in adulthood. Future directions and implications for identifying adults in need of a specialized autism assessment are discussed.
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PMID:MMPI-2 personality profiles of high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorders. 1569 46

IgE-mediated allergic diseases (e.g., allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, atopic asthma and food allergy) are prevalent (up to 30%) in the general population and are increasing in developed countries. In infants and young children, non-IgE-mediated food allergy is also prevalent. In addition to easily recognized organ-specific symptoms, allergic diseases can cause neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as irritability and hyperactivity, in otherwise healthy individuals. This is also likely to occur in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Moreover, the discomfort and pain associated with allergic diseases could aggravate behavioral symptoms in ASD children. Allergic conditions are easily treatable; however, ASD children may be underdiagnosed and/or undertreated for allergic and other common childhood diseases, in part due to their impaired communication skills. Practicing physicians should be aware of the potential impact of allergic diseases on behavioral symptoms and cognitive activity in ASD children. However, they also need to be aware that certain symptoms often attributed to 'allergy' by caregivers may not be immune mediated and should understand that behavioral symptoms can also be affected by many non-IgE-mediated causes.
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PMID:Autism spectrum disorders and allergy: observation from a pediatric allergy/immunology clinic. 2044 26

The qualitative study from which the data reported here are taken, explored the experiences, support and information needs of parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. 46 parents were interviewed either individually or in couples. Thematic analysis of the data revealed the complexity involved for the parents in taking their children out in public places. The emotion work parents conduct in public places both to make their children more acceptable within the space and to reduce the discomfort that others experience, helps to preserve the orderliness of public places. However, the special competence that parents developed over time also masks their turbulent feelings in public encounters.
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PMID:'Meltdowns', surveillance and managing emotions; going out with children with autism. 2046 83

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) are associated with a number of specific topographies of problem behavior. Very few studies have examined the function served by problem behavior in these groups. Using the Questions About Behavioral Function scale Matson and Vollmer (User's guide: questions about behavioral function (QABF). Scientific Publishers Inc., Baton Rouge, LA, 1995) the current study examined group differences in the function of problem behavior displayed by children with FXS and SMS, in comparison to a control group of children with non-specific intellectual and developmental disabilities. Between-group analyses showed children with SMS were more likely to display problem behavior related to physical discomfort. Both within- and between-group analyses showed children with FXS were less likely to display attention-maintained problem behavior. These findings hold implications for the assessment, treatment and prevention of problem behavior associated with both FXS and SMS.
J Autism Dev Disord 2012 Feb
PMID:An indirect examination of the function of problem behavior associated with fragile X syndrome and Smith-Magenis syndrome. 2144 60

Recent developments in the science of autism have provoked widespread unease among autism activists. Drawing on the findings of a major international gathering of researchers, ethicists, and activists, this paper presents the first major analysis of the ethical questions arising from this unease. We outline the scientific developments that have provoked the most discomfort, analyze the response to these developments from within and without the autism community, and trace the current state of the ethical debate. Having done so, we contend that these ethical questions are unlikely to be resolved as they depend on fundamentally conflicting assumptions about the nature and desirability of neurocognitive difference. We conclude by arguing for a new range of democratic mechanisms that could enable the scientific community, autistics, and other concerned parties to respond collectively to such entrenched ethical disputes.
Autism Res 2011 Aug
PMID:Bridging autism, science and society: moving toward an ethically informed approach to autism research. 2156 86

Distress emotions in very young children are manifest in vocal, facial, and bodily cues. Moreover, children with different developmental conditions (i.e. Autistic Disorder- AD, Developmental Delay- DD, Typically Developing- TD) appear to manifest their distress emotions via different channels. To decompose channel of emotional distress display by group, we conducted a study in which video clips of crying of 18 children 18 months of age belonging to three groups (AD, DD, TD) were modified to isolate vocal, facial, or bodily cues, and 42 female adults were asked to judge the distress and typicality (expected normality) of the different stimuli. We find variation in adult judgements of distress and typicality by child group (AD, DD, TD) and by isolated cues (vocal, facial, or body). Although there is some overlap between responses to episodes of crying of children with AD and those with DD, the different cues of crying of children with AD tend to be considered more atypical and distressed than those of the other two groups (DD and TD). Early assessment of different cues of the expression of distress, and more generally of emotional expressivity in a child, may provide useful information for pediatricians and practitioners who are in contact with young children and must make clinical screening decisions. The findings also alert parents of children with AD to important aspects of their cries.
Res Autism Spectr Disord 2011
PMID:ASSESSMENT OF DISTRESS IN YOUNG CHILDREN: A COMPARISON OF AUTISTIC DISORDER, DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY, AND TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT. 2164 45

People appropriately adjust the distance between themselves and others during social interaction, and they may feel discomfort and move away when another person intrudes on their personal space. In the present study, we investigated personal space in children with persistent difficulties in the domain of social behavior, such as children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and in children with typical development (TD). The stop-distance paradigm was used to derive estimates of interpersonal distance, before and after a brief interaction with an unfamiliar adult confederate. The results showed that ASD children felt comfortable at a greater distance compared to TD children. Moreover, personal space shrunk after interaction with the confederate in TD children, but it failed to do so in ASD children. These findings reveal that autism deeply affects the regulation of personal space, influencing both its size and flexibility.
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PMID:Personal space regulation in childhood autism spectrum disorders. 2408 10


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