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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Pervasive Developmental Disorders complications can lead to an important life long handicap. There is an important literature about autism, but in most cases, specifically concerning children and adolescents problems. We wished to focus our attention on adults, in order to describe, on one hand their socio-adaptive profile, and on the other hand, the necessity to resort to a psycho-active treatment. The geographic zone chosen in order to carry out this, was Languedoc-Roussillon, and the applied method was a descriptive study of psychotropic use in the 20-35 age adults with autism. The instruments used were standardized and validated. The diagnosis was confirmed using ICD 10 criteria checklist and individual characteristics including adaptive profile estimated on the Vineland scale, were collected. Moreover the prescriber's global impressions were collected on the CGI scale. Out of 165 case files collected, the sex-ratio was 3 men for 2 women, 45% showed associated somatic disorders (of which 24% epileptic), 66% -benefited from a psycho-active treatment; 85% had been admitted in institutions during childhood or adolescence. The admittance framework being respectfully, MAS 21.8%, community homes 35.2%, CAT 17.6% and psychiatric services 20.6%. Mean equivalent age, in the three Vineland adaptive domains, were from 21 months in Communication to 43 months in Autonomy in daily life Skills and 17 months in Socialization. The development quotient showed adaptive retardation in 100% of cases. The 110 persons benefiting from a medicinal treatment, were treated for aggressiveness in 62.7% of cases, agitation in 43.6% of cases and anxiety in 48.2% of cases. The therapeutic categories used were, in majority, antipsychotics in 85% of cases, anxiolitics in 40.2% of cases; hypnotics as well as anti-depressants or mood-regulators, each representing 10% of prescriptions. Associations of several molecules representing 83% of cases. The therapeutic effect was considered interesting in more than two-thirds of cases. Undesirable side-effects were reported in 50% of the patients under treatment; 50% of the persons treated had been administered the same treatment for more than 5 years. The adaptive-profile significantly varied, depending on the accommodation structures and also the presence or absence of a psycho-active treatment. The results of this study portrayed the level of social adaptation and the types of psychoactive treatment in adults with autism, who are severely limited in their adaptive functioning due to their handicaps.
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PMID:[Descriptive study of psychotropic use in the 20-35 age adults with autism in Languedoc-Roussillon]. 1614 44

Previous studies have found beneficial effects of aromatherapy massage for agitation in people with dementia, for pain relief and for poor sleep. Children with autism often have sleep difficulties, and it was thought that aromatherapy massage might enable more rapid sleep onset, less sleep disruption and longer sleep duration. Twelve children with autism and learning difficulties (2 girls and 10 boys aged between 12 years 2 months to 15 years 7 months) in a residential school participated in a within subjects repeated measures design: 3 nights when the children were given aromatherapy massage with lavender oil were compared with 14 nights when it was not given. The children were checked every 30 min throughout the night to determine the time taken for the children to settle to sleep, the number of awakenings and the sleep duration. One boy's data were not analyzed owing to lengthy absence. Repeated measures analysis revealed no differences in any of the sleep measures between the nights when the children were given aromatherapy massage and nights when the children were not given aromatherapy massage. The results suggest that the use of aromatherapy massage with lavender oil has no beneficial effect on the sleep patterns of children with autism attending a residential school. It is possible that there are greater effects in the home environment or with longer-term interventions.
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PMID:Evaluating effects of aromatherapy massage on sleep in children with autism: a pilot study. 1695 22

Deficiency of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is a rare inborn error of pyrimidine metabolism. To date, only about 50 patients are known worldwide. The clinical picture is varied and is not yet fully described. Most patients are diagnosed at the age of 1-3 years. We present a patient diagnosed 8 weeks postpartum. The female patient presented in the first 3 days after birth with agitation, choking, and vomiting. Six weeks later, the patient presented again with vomiting and insufficient weight gain. Metabolic screening of urine showed a strongly increased excretion of uracil and thymine, with no other abnormalities. This suggested a deficiency of DPD which was confirmed by enzyme analysis in peripheral blood mononucleair (PBM) cells (patient: activity <0.01 nmol/mg/h; controls: 9.9 +/- 2.8 nmol/mg/h). The patient was homozygous for the IVS14+1G>A mutation.MRI of the brain showed some cerebral atrophy; myelinization appeared normal. Many patients with DPD-deficiency suffer from convulsions and mental retardation, some show microcephaly, feeding difficulties, autism, and hypertonia. Our patient showed feeding difficulties and in the second half-year she developed slight motor retardation and generalized hypotonia. Further observation of the development of the patient may shed more light on the relationship between clinical symptoms and DPD deficiency. DPD deficiency may present in newborns with vomiting and hypotonia as the main symptoms.
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PMID:A neonate with recurrent vomiting and generalized hypotonia diagnosed with a deficiency of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. 1706 71

Two groups of physically healthy schizophrenic patients comprised of fifteen withdrawn and fifteen actives per group with comparable sex and age distribution were selected for this study. Both groups were placed first in a quiet environment in which the noise level was kept between 40-60 decibels, for three hours each morning for six weeks' duration. Therapeutic and psychological and clinical parameters were used to examine the effects of this particular environment. At the end of six weeks, they were switched to a noisy environment with the noise level averaging 80-90 decibels. Noisy environment increased the withdrawn groups' motor and verbal performance, improved perceptual organization, improved sleep pattern and hallucinations. As a result, overall improvement caused medication decrease. For the active group, in a noisy environment, performance decreased, conceptual disorganization, anxiety and restlessness heightened, resulting in an increase of 40% in their medication. The withdrawn group in the quiet environment showed considerable regression with heightened autism, seclusiveness, more conceptual disorganization and disturbed sleep patterns with increased hallucinations. The active group in the quiet environment showed improved performance, decreased anxiety, more conceptual organization, less hallucinations, better sleep patterns; motor and verbal productivity increased.
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PMID:Environmental noise level as a factor in the treatment of hospitalized schizophrenics. 1789 8

A 22-year-old male patient with autism and epilepsy was scheduled to undergo impacted third molar extractions at an outpatient setting. Oral preanesthetic medication with dexmedetomidine and subsequent midazolam with ketamine was acceptable and effective to place intravenous cannula. General anesthesia was maintained with intravenous propofol and dexmedetomidine and operation was performed uneventfully. Sedation with intravenous dexmedetomidine was continued after operation to attenuate and/or manage postoperative problems, such as emergence agitation, dysphoric reactions, pain, opioid-related nausea/vomiting and seizure. He recovered from postoperative sedation and was discharged home without significant problems. Oral and intravenous dexmedetomidine was useful for anesthetic care in the uncooperative patient.
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PMID:[Ambulatory anesthesia for an adult patient with autism and epilepsy: sedation using oral and intravenous dexmedetomidine]. 1854 4

Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is an inducible enzyme involved in neuroplasticity and the neuropathology of the central nervous system. This study evaluated the relationship between autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and polymorphisms of PTGS2 (the gene encoding Cox-2) with 151 Korean family trios including children with ASDs. We found that the A allele of rs2745557 was preferentially transmitted in ASDs (p < 0.01) and that the GAAA haplotype was significantly associated with ASDs (p < 0.01). We also observed statistically significant associations between each genotype and the specific symptom domain scores of ADOS and ADI-R, including communication, qualitative abnormalities in reciprocal social interaction, and overactivity/agitation.
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PMID:Association between PTGS2 polymorphism and autism spectrum disorders in Korean trios. 1857 7

Current autism research is historically separated from catatonia and other childhood psychotic disorders, although catatonia and autism share several common symptoms (mutism, echolalia, stereotypic speech and repetitive behaviors, posturing, grimacing, rigidity, mannerisms, and purposeless agitation). Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) effectively treats catatonia and catatonia-related conditions of intractable compulsions, tics, and self-injury in people with autism. We assess the incidence of catatonic symptoms in autism, examine emerging ECT indications in people with autism and related developmental disorders, and encourage ethical debate and legal-administrative action to assure equal access to ECT for people with autism.
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PMID:Catatonia and autism: a historical review, with implications for electroconvulsive therapy. 1919 May 7

Dexmedetomidine has been increasingly in use for pediatric noninvasive procedural sedation. This retrospective study examined experience in children with autism and other neurobehavioral disorders, populations often difficult to sedate. Records of children with autism or neurobehavioral disorders sedated with dexmedetomidine at Chris Evert Children's Hospital and Kosair Children's Hospital were reviewed. Demographic and sedation-related data were collected, including sedative doses, time to sedation, efficacy, and complications. Comparisons of sedative doses, efficacy between autism and neurobehavioral patients, and analysis of age-related factors were performed. In all, 315 patients were sedated, most commonly for magnetic resonance imaging. Mean induction and total dexmedetomidine doses were 1.4 +/- 0.6 and 2.6 +/- 1.6 microg/kg, respectively, with no differences between autism and neurobehavior patients. Most patients (90%) patients received concomitant midazolam. There was an age-related decrease in dexmedetomidine dose, independent of midazolam use. Seven patients required intervention for hypotension, bradycardia, or both, and only one adverse respiratory event (obstruction requiring nasopharyngeal airway placement) occurred. There were two episodes of overt recovery-related agitation. All but four procedures were successfully completed (4/315, or 98.7%). Dexmedetomidine with or without midazolam was an effective sedative in this population. The regimen appeared to be well tolerated with few adverse events, including recovery-related agitation, and appears to be an attractive option for this population.
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PMID:Dexmedetomidine for procedural sedation in children with autism and other behavior disorders. 1958 55

ADHD covers a group of common, chronic neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by developmentally abnormal and disabling levels of restlessness and overactivity (usually combined with impulsiveness) and/or inattention. There are three subtypes of ADHD: predominantly inattentive; predominantly hyperactive-impulsive; and combined type. For a diagnosis of ADHD to be made: onset of symptoms has to occur before the age of seven, symptoms should have been present longer than 6 months and they must be causing significant impairment. The prevalence of ADHD is at least 5%. Two-thirds of children with ADHD continue to have symptoms in adolescence. At the age of 25, half will still have symptoms which continue to cause significant impairment. ADHD is associated with an increased rate of other disorders: mood disorders; anxiety; other behavioural disorders; autism spectrum disorders; tic disorders; specific learning difficulties; developmental co-ordination disorder and sleep disorders. The GP has an important role in identification of possible ADHD, and onward referral, and also in the management of ADHD post-diagnosis, particularly with respect to prescribing medication usually on a shared care basis with specialist services.
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PMID:Improving recognition and management of ADHD. 2048 82

Neuroscientific and clinical studies of music over the past two decades have substantially increased our understanding of its use as a means of therapy. The authors briefly review current literature related to music's effect on people with different mental illnesses, and examine several neurobiological theories that may explain its effectiveness or lack thereof in treating psychiatric disorders. Neuroscientific studies have shown music to be an agent capable of influencing complex neurobiological processes in the brain and suggest that it can potentially play an important role in treatment. Clinical studies provide some evidence that music therapy can be used as an alternative therapy in treating depression, autism, schizophrenia, and dementia, as well as problems of agitation, anxiety, sleeplessness, and substance misuse, though whether it can actually replace other modes of treatment remains undetermined. Future research should include translational studies involving both neuroscience and clinical medicine that investigate the long-term effects of music intervention and that lead to the development of new strategies for music therapy.
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PMID:Mental health implications of music: insight from neuroscientific and clinical studies. 2125 Aug 95


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