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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of psychotropic and nonpsychotropic drug prescriptions in institutions and community residential facilities in 1978-79 was assessed. The data were gathered as an incidental part of a comprehensive national interview study of the characteristics of residential facilities and their residents. The study included 2271 retarded individuals in 236 residential facilities in the US. Facilities were selected through a 2-stage probability sample design in such a way that the probability of a facility's selection was proportionate to its size (number of residents) and so that the distribution of sample facilities across census regions and size classes was in close agreement with the distribution of facilities nationally. Interviews at 75 institutions and 161 private facilities were conducted between September 1978 and April 1979. Demographic information about individual residents, including date of birth, date of admission, previous type of residential placement, age, height, weight, diagnosed degree of retardation, and diagnosis of epilepsy, autism, or mental illness, was obtained from each resident's records. The staff person most familiar with each resident was then identified and interviewed about the resident. Care persons were asked whether and for what purpose drugs were prescribed for each resident. 75.8% of institutionalized residents and 54.3% of community facility residents were reported to be receiving at least 1 type of regularly prescribed medication. Percentages reported for specific drugs should be considered minimums, because drug names were not always elicited if the drug's purpose was known. Drugs not named, but reported to be prescribed for a chronic health condition, epilepsy, a psychiatric problem, for sleeping, or for birth control, were listed with "other" within tentative categories. Multiple regression was used to examine the relationships among drug use and several resident and facility characteristics. The institutionalized and community-based samples were combined for these analyses. Drugs reported to be prescribed for chronic health problems most frequently were used by older, nonambulatory residents who had health problems. Use of antiepilepsy drugs was most closely associated with a history of seizures. Only 1.3% of community facility residents and 1.6% of institutionalized residents whose records did not document epilepsy were reported to be receiving antiepilepsy drugs. Psychotropic drugs most often were prescribed for residents with behavior problems or for those with a recorded mention of mental illness or autism. Older, heavier, and more severely retarded residents also were more likely to receive psychotropic drugs. Contraceptive drugs were predicted by age, sex, ability, and minority status. Younger and less retarded women were more likely to receive birth control methods, as were minorities.
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PMID:A national study of prescribed drugs in institutions and community residential facilities for mentally retarded people. 400 Dec 92

In this paper we report the cases of two girls affected by a progressive encephalopathy. Both stories are similar. After a normal development in the first year of life, neurological regression occurred since the beginning of the second year. This progressive syndrome led within a few months to a loss of any verbal acquisition, loss of purposeful use of the hands, dementia, autism. Other neurological alterations occurred in the following years: piramidal signs at lower limbs, generalized and partial seizures, ataxia, gait apraxia. All laboratory findings were normal in both girls. The EEG was abnormal in both patients and the patterns were quite the same in following records of both girls. The disease occurred in our patients is quite certainly the same described by Rett for the first time in 1966.
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PMID:[Rett syndrome. Review of the literature and presentation of 2 clinical cases]. 408 13

This case study presents the history of a child diagnosed with severe tuberous sclerosis (TS) with an original prognosis of severe to profound mental retardation. Infantile spasms and seizures were eventually controlled, and with educational and therapeutic intervention, this child progressed until she was functioning within normal limits by age 4. This paper presents the position that early diagnosis, early seizure control, and early multidisciplinary intervention are crucial in reducing the poor prognosis in such cases.
J Autism Dev Disord 1984 Dec
PMID:Tuberous sclerosis: case study of early seizure control and subsequent normal development. 609 76

Postencephalitic behavioral syndrome secondary to measles is an almost extinct condition in Western culture. The present paper describes the clinical state of a 13-year-old pubertal female who presented nine years after the original acute febrile illness. In addition, an innovative behavioral approach to treatment of intractable seizures and aggressive behavior is described.
J Autism Dev Disord 1983 Mar
PMID:An interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management of a complex case of postencephalitic behavioral disorder. 685 36

Clinical and neurophysiological findings for 28 patients with mental retardation, autism, and epilepsy were described. Correct classification of seizure type and epileptic syndrome (when possible), etiology, severity of autism and epilepsy, EEG findings, and neuroimaging findings were given. No particular epileptic syndrome was found to be more frequently correlated to autism, severity of autism was not correlated with a more pronounced tendency to develop seizures, and females with autism were more frequently affected by seizures than were males. In conclusion, the risk for epilepsy does not seem to be correlated to autism itself, but the same noxious event induces autism and epilepsy. The severity of epilepsy is strictly correlated with its etiopathogenetic mechanisms.
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PMID:Clinical and neurophysiological aspects of epilepsy in subjects with autism and mental retardation. 754 38

Epileptic seizures are frequently reported (4-32%) in autism. These values are higher than in the normal population of children and adolescents (0.5%). In the literature there is no uniform description of epilepsy in autism. We examined 106 patients with autistic disorder divided into three groups on the basis of presence or absence of EEG paroxysmal abnormalities (PA) and / or epilepsy including febrile convulsions (FG). Our patients presented an autistic syndrome unrelated to clear congenital or acquired encephalopathy. The prevalence of epilepsy and EEG PA was 23.6% and 18.9%, respectively. Significant differences between the three groups appeared for (i) familial antecedents for epilepsy / FC and neurologic and psychiatric diseases (P < 0.004), (ii) a different proportion between the three groups for mental retardation (P < 0.03), (iii) and EEG fast activity (P < 0.04). Our patients showed several types of epilepsy, including idiopathic forms with seizure onset after the age of 10 in 45% of cases. Seizures were mainly partial, not frequent and controllable by anti-epileptic drugs. PA were mostly focal and multifocal and in 45% of cases were typical of benign childhood partial epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes. The higher incidence of epilepsy and EEG PA is apparently not related to organic pre-, peri- and postnatal antecedents or cerebral lesions. On the contrary, genetic factors responsible for autism and epilepsy seem important in the genesis of these two disorders.
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PMID:EEG features and epilepsy in patients with autism. 857 26

During the last five years, it has been recognized a very high incidence of autism in children affected by tuberous sclerosis; we believe that this association may be more than just a coincidence and that it may be that the autistic behavior spectrum is related to a great extent, to the anatomic localization of tubers in the frontal and temporoparietal areas. In this study we report our experience with 27 consecutive children, 12 boys and 15 girls with a diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis confirmed by clinical and MRI and or CT findings according to the diagnostic criteria developed by the Diagnosis Criteria Committee of the National Tuberous Sclerosis Association. They were studied during the period of 1988 to 1990. Ages range from 18 months to 16 years (mean: 6.5 years). Twenty-four had epilepsy and were receiving antiepileptic treatment. Seven of the 27 children (25.9 per cent) fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder according to the DSM-III-R. The autistic behavior was evident in all of them by three and half years. The seven children had mental retardation. MRI and CT findings with subependymal calcifications and cortical tubers of frontal and temporoparietal predominance were seen in five of the seven autistic children. In one child, CT was normal and in the other it was not performed. Five were girls and all had West syndrome; two were boys and neither had seizures. Most of the reported cases of children with tuberous sclerosis and autism had experiences West syndrome. In our patients, five of the seven children with autism had west syndrome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Autism in tuberous sclerosis]. 760 68

A prospective study looking at the prevalence of epilepsy in 246 children with autistic spectrum disorder revealed that 7.6% of children satisfying the criteria of infantile autism and 5% of those with an autistic condition had epilepsy. The majority had onset of seizures before the age of 1 year. Boys predominated in both groups. There was no correlation between the age of onset of seizures, type of seizure, sex, mentality, and the outcome of epilepsy. There is an increased risk of epilepsy in autistic children compared to those with developmental dysphasia or Down syndrome. There might be some underlying defect of the brain in autistic children that causes different degrees of autistic manifestation with which epilepsy is associated, as part of the spectrum complex.
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PMID:Epilepsy in children with autistic spectrum disorder. 769 96

Fifty children and adolescents with intractable epilepsy were treated with lamotrigine. Most of the children had other neuro-impairments, such as mental retardation, cerebral palsy and autism, added to their epilepsy. Five stopped lamotrigine treatment within four months because of side effects. In the 45 children who continued treatment for a mean of 14 months, five became seizure-free and in 16 the seizure frequency was reduced more than 30 percent. Absences and complex partial seizures responded best. In 24 of the 45 children, the parents reported an improvement in the mental state of their child, with better contact, longer attention span and improved alertness. In eight of 13 autistic children, the autistic symptoms decreased during lamotrigine treatment. This also occurred in children with an unchanged seizure situation, indicating a specific positive psychotropic effect of lamotrigine in mentally retarded and autistic children.
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PMID:Intractable epilepsy in children. The efficacy of lamotrigine treatment, including non-seizure-related benefits. 777 Jan 24

Few data are available on the risk of seizures in young children with developmental problems. A retrospective evaluation of 1,946 children 0-5 years of age referred to the Tel Aviv Child Development Center (CDC) between 1981 and 1990 was performed. The study was undertaken to determine the cumulative risk of unprovoked seizures in children referred to a CDC and to assess the risk factors associated with seizures in these children. The center serves the Tel Aviv area for a variety of developmental disabilities. Cumulative risk of seizures and risk factors were assessed using Kaplan-Meier methodology. Unprovoked seizures occurred in 58 patients (3%), including 10 with a single seizure and 48 with two or more seizures. Risk factors for seizures included cerebral palsy (CP) (relative risk [RR] = 28.7), neonatal seizures (RR = 15.2), mental retardation (MR) (RR = 7.8), febrile seizures (RR = 7.7), autism (RR = 3.2), and prematurity (RR = 2.7). The cumulative risk of seizures by age 5 years in children with MR, CP, and MR plus CP was 8%, 47%, and 68%, respectively, compared with 1% in those without MR or CP. On multivariate analysis, CP, MR, prior febrile seizures, and prematurity were associated with an increased risk of seizures. The risk of experiencing unprovoked seizures by age 5 in children with developmental disabilities is 3%, which is fourfold greater than that of the general population. Much of this increased risk is limited to selected subgroups with major disabilities. However, if neither MR nor CP is present, the 1% risk of developing unprovoked seizures by age 5 in children with other developmental problems is not substantially different from that expected in the general population.
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PMID:Unprovoked seizures and developmental disabilities: clinical characteristics of children referred to a child development center. 855 61


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