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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Autism and mental retardation are concepts of a different level. The combination of these concepts in the mentally retarded autistic child requires a specific therapeutic environment. This therapeutic environment must take full account of both the child's limited cognitive potentials and the specific needs and limitations on the basis of autism. Such an integrated approach of the mentally retarded autistic child becomes possible when all the symptoms and behaviours of the children are organized in one coherent frame of reference organized according to the main axes of child development (biological, physical, cognitive and socio-emotional). The consequences of these partly dissimilar, divergent needs and limitations of mentally retarded autistic children for the planning of a therapeutic environment are discussed. Special attention is paid to the combined effect of mental retardation and autism on the cognitive development axes.
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PMID:Autism and mental retardation: the planning of a therapeutic environment. 226 56

The aim of this study was to identify specific social behaviors that differentiate autistic preschoolers from other children at comparable developmental levels. A parent report measure, the Preschool Social Behavior Checklist (PSBC), was developed for this purpose. The PSBC consists of 22 items representing social milestones usually achieved within the first 4 to 5 years of life. Results obtained from a sample of 20 parents of children with autism and 14 parents of children with mental retardation revealed group differences in specific aspects of imaginative play, peer play, and imitation skills. The importance of examining the specific manifestations of social deficits and implications for the diagnosis of autism are discussed.
J Autism Dev Disord 1990 Dec
PMID:Parental report of social behaviors in autistic preschoolers. 227 71

A cytogenetic survey of 67 individuals previously identified as having mental retardation and autistic behaviors revealed 1 person (1.5%) with the fragile X chromosome (fra[X]) and 3 (4.5%) with autosome abnormalities. This low prevalence of fra(X) indicates that most persons with fra(X) in this mental retardation center did not have autistic behaviors severe enough to be identified as a secondary psychiatric diagnosis. The presence of other chromosomal abnormalities is consistent with the known causal heterogeneity of autism in mental retardation populations.
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PMID:Cytogenetic survey for autistic fragile X carriers in a mental retardation center. 229 26

This report describes differences in motoric and instrumental activity of daily living skills (MADLs and IADLs) between 1,442 people with autism and 24,048 people with mental retardation, using data from an adaptive behavior measure. Comparisons were made using groups defined by age (5-12, 13-21, and 21-35 years) and intellectual level. Diagnoses of record were confirmed through group analyses of rates of problem behaviors consistent with autism and comparison to an independent data base. Findings suggest that at ages 5-12 the skills of children with autism are more developed than those of children with mental retardation matched by age and intellectual level. However, in the older groups these differences diminish, and with increasing age (21-35 years) more developed instrumental skills are observed for people with mental retardation.
J Autism Dev Disord 1990 Jun
PMID:Differences in adaptive functioning among people with autism or mental retardation. 234 20

Play behaviors and motor imitation skills of 91 children between the ages of 3 and 6 years were investigated to determine their utility in distinguishing autism from mental retardation and other communication disorders. The performance of 22 autistic children was compared with that of 15 mentally retarded, 15 hearing-impaired, 19 language-impaired, and 20 non-handicapped children. Play behaviors were assessed using structured observations of free-play activities, and imitation skills were measured using a set of 12 individually administered tasks. The autistic group spent less total time interacting with toys and using toys appropriately, engaged in fewer functional play acts, and obtained lower imitation scores compared with all other groups. Discriminant function analysis revealed that the latter three variables discriminated the autistic children from the nonautistic handicapped children, with motor imitation emerging as the most important differentiating measure. These results suggest that measuring play and imitation skills may be useful in the clinical diagnosis of autism.
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PMID:Play and imitation skills in the diagnosis of autism in young children. 237 Nov 1

A review is presented of the diagnosis and drug treatment of the more common psychiatric and developmental disorders in the pediatric population. Where applicable, DSM III (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders, III) criteria are utilized to describe the behavioral syndromes. The indications for usage and appropriate dosages of antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, stimulants, and lithium are described. Those disorders discussed are attention deficit disorder, conduct disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, schizophrenia, autism, Tourette's syndrome, mental retardation, depressive illness, manic depressive illness, eating disorders, and enuresis.
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PMID:Pharmacologic treatment of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents (Part 1). 241 73

This paper presents a summary and critical review of the DSM-III diagnostic system for childhood psychiatric disorders with particular reference to developmental disorders. The rational for a multiaxial system, explicit diagnostic criteria, and a phenomenological approach are outlined. Criteria for mental retardation, infantile autism, and specific developmental disorders are reviewed. While this system is an advance over previous schemes many problems are also evident. These include a lack of specificity of the criteria, inconsistencies in criteria, and placement on the axes of mental disorders.
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PMID:A critical review of DSM-III in the developmental disorder of childhood. 243 Jan 29

This paper reports a detailed comparison of two groups of children from the same psychiatric clinic, one with a delay in language development and an age- and sex-matched control group with no such delay. The language-delay group was highly likely to have either a diagnosis of mental retardation or infantile autism. Very few psychiatric symptoms occurred more frequently in the language-delay group than in the comparison group, and those that did were characteristic of retarded or autistic children. The language-delay group was more likely to have other developmental abnormalities, hearing impairment, and evidence of central nervous system dysfunction.
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PMID:Psychiatric symptomatology in language-impaired children: a comparison. 243 66

Anatomical and functional evidences of cerebral hemispheric asymmetries are reviewed in reference to fetal life, infancy and childhood. In general, left hemisphere deals with linguistic-sequenced-analytic-logic-deductive cognitive processing, whereas the right hemisphere is involved in spatial-simultaneous-inductive-intuitive tasks; attention and interactional functions predominate on the right hemisphere, too. The clinical and technological means to diagnose the functional lateralization in individual patients are discussed. A critical review is made of abnormal lateralizations and interhemispheric supplencies in various neuropsychiatric conditions of childhood: learning disabilities, epilepsy, attention deficit disorder, mental deficiency with chromosomopathies and infantile autism.
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PMID:[Functional cerebral lateralization: neurobiology and clinical aspects in childhood]. 248 59

In this paper, a rare neurological disorder seen exclusively in girls is described. According to its progress and clinical behaviour, a syndrome resembles autism. The disease was reported in 1966 by A. Rett from Vienna. The syndrome often remains unrecognized because of its low incidence or is mistaken for autism, mental retardation and cerebral paralysis. The table of differential diagnosis of this disease in relation to autism is given. We report on a 5-year-old girl from Zrenjanin who was admitted to the Division for Autism, Psychiatric Hospital Jankomir, Zagreb. The diagnosis of Rett's syndrome was established in this patient whose initial description documented autism. The medications have shown to be without effect, except anticonvulsive drugs and ketogenic diet. Physical, occupational and musical therapy as well as hydrotherapy were applied.
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PMID:[Rett's syndrome--differential diagnosis of autism in a case report]. 263 9


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