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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Examined the effects of two instructional methods on language generalization and long-term retention in 23 adults with autism and severe to profound mental retardation. Analog language teaching employed discrete trials in a controlled setting concentrating on discrimination and identification of materials. Natural language teaching emphasized instruction through interactions that occurred incidentally to training students in the use of materials to perform functional tasks. Assessments were conducted under conditions favoring analog teaching to assure against partiality toward natural language teaching. Under such disadvantageous conditions, the methods of natural language teaching would be supported by results showing either no difference or an advantage in their favor. Both techniques increased initial and long-term generalization though the results suggest no relative superiority for either method under these assessment conditions. A significant interaction was found between prior functioning level and sequence of instruction. Because natural language teaching has many strengths, few drawbacks, and produces equal generalization and retention under disadvantageous conditions, it is strongly supported as preferable for people with autism and mental retardation.
J Autism Dev Disord 1991 Dec
PMID:Analog language teaching versus natural language teaching: generalization and retention of language learning for adults with autism and mental retardation. 177 59

Examined the changing profiles of intelligence in males with fragile X syndrome as these individuals increased in chronological age. Using a psychometric instrument designed to measure styles of information processing, 21 males aged 4 to 27 years were examined cross-sectionally in sequential processing, simultaneous processing, and achievement. The age of the subject was associated with age-equivalent levels of both simultaneous processing and achievement, but fragile X males did not show higher levels of sequential processing with increasing chronological age. Compared to younger fragile X males, the older subjects were more delayed in sequential processing skills relative to their in other areas. A smaller longitudinal study confirmed the presence of a plateau in sequential processing among those subjects tested two times after the age of 10 years. Implications are discussed for diagnosis, intervention, and the matching of subject groups in mental retardation research.
J Autism Dev Disord 1991 Dec
PMID:Changing patterns of intellectual strengths and weaknesses in males with fragile X syndrome. 177 63

The behaviour profiles of 176 mentally retarded individuals from two reception centres and nine group homes were assessed. The correlations between behaviour and age, sex, degree of mental retardation, etiology of mental retardation and medical diagnosis were assessed using the Revised Child Behaviour Profile. The severity of behaviour disturbance did not vary with age or medical diagnosis. The moderately retarded subjects presented with more severe behaviour problems, such as aggression, than the severely mentally retarded subjects. The variable most predictive of behavioural problems was etiology of the disorder. Individuals with Down's syndrome had significantly fewer behaviour disturbances and those with autism and pervasive developmental disorder had significantly more behaviour disturbances than other subjects. A psychiatric disorder was found in 10.2% of the sample. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to public policy.
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PMID:Behaviour problems of the mentally retarded. 179 May 15

More than 30,000 Norwegians are mentally retarded and about 50% of them are severely retarded and often multihandicapped. Before 1975 the majority of the severely retarded resided in large institutions. New legislation has led to an increasing emphasis on decentralization and integration in local communities. Mental retardation is caused by prenatal brain damage in 90% of the cases. Chromosomal aberrations like Down and Fragile-X syndromes are the most common causes. A high proportion of individuals with autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy and sensory defects are mentally retarded, and the most common additional diagnoses in mental retardation are speech defects, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, congenital heart disease, sight and hearing impairment and hydrocephalus. Almost 1/3 of the mentally retarded adults have developed psychiatric disturbances. Families with mentally retarded children are affected emotionally, socially and economically, and the burden increases as the mentally retarded individual grows older.
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PMID:[The mentally retarded dental patients. Who are they?]. 183 92

Thirty-five children with autistic disorder and 17 with autistic-like conditions underwent an exhaustive neurobiological evaluation, and the findings were contrasted with those obtained from various comparison groups. Almost 90 per cent of the children with autistic disorder and autistic-like conditions had major indications of brain damage or dysfunction. Some of those who did not show such abnormalities had a first-degree relative with Asperger syndrome. The rate of abnormality was similar to that of severely mentally retarded children, but in excess of that of normal children. Within the autism group, abnormality rate did not correlate with degree of mental retardation. It is concluded that autism has multiple biological aetiologies and that autistic symptoms in a child should always prompt a thorough medical/neurobiological evaluation.
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PMID:Neuropsychiatric assessment of children with autism: a population-based study. 186 76

The neuropsychological performances, outcome of epilepsy and MRI topography of tubers of 23 children with tuberous sclerosis were reviewed. Seven children had normal intelligence, 10 had mental retardation, and six mental retardation and autism. An adverse association was found between the number of lesions and IQ, behaviour and severity of epilepsy. Posterior lesions, in addition to frontal-lobe dysfunction, were observed in children with autism. Tuberous sclerosis with well-defined cerebral lesions may represent a model for the relationship between different neuropsychiatric problems.
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PMID:Neuropsychological aspects of tuberous sclerosis in relation to epilepsy and MRI findings. 191 24

Immune abnormalities in autistic children led us to study for indirect evidence of immune activation as measured by the serum analysis of soluble interleukin-2 (sIL-2), interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), T8 antigen (sT8), and interleukin-1 (sIL-1). The serum concentration of these soluble antigens was quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The concentration of sIL-2 and sT8, but not of sIL-2R and sIL-1, antigens was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased in the sera of autistic children over that in the control healthy children or children with mental retardation (non-Down's syndrome). This finding indirectly indicates that the activation of a subpopulation of T cells occurs in some children with autism.
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PMID:Changes of soluble interleukin-2, interleukin-2 receptor, T8 antigen, and interleukin-1 in the serum of autistic children. 193 32

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials were compared in 109 children with infantile autism, 38 with autistic condition, 19 with mental retardation, and 20 normal children. Children with infantile autism or autistic condition had significantly longer brainstem transmission time than normal (p less than .001). Autistic features, rather than age, sex, or lower mentality, correlated with brainstem transmission time (p less than .0001). The autistic characteristics may be related to dysfunction of the brainstem which affects the processing of the sensory input through the auditory pathway. The brainstem lesion may be part of a generalized process of neurological damage that accounts for the deviant language, cognitive, and social development in the spectrum of autistic disorder.
J Autism Dev Disord 1991 Sep
PMID:Brainstem auditory evoked potential study in children with autistic disorder. 193 78

Autism is a chronic, nonprogressive developmental disability with a unique triad of abnormalities in socialization, communication and behavior. Most, but not all, children with autism have some degree of mental retardation, and many develop epilepsy. No single biomedical etiology has been found, but a significant number of medical disorders occur in association with autism. The medical evaluation is directed toward finding underlying or associated neurologic, metabolic, genetic or infectious diseases. Psychoeducational and behavioral therapies are the most successful approaches to the treatment of autism. Community-based and structured programs that emphasize socialization, communication and family training are the most effective. Medical management focuses on treatment of underlying or associated diseases. Pharmacotherapy is sometimes beneficial, but no drug acts specifically on this complex of symptoms. Family physicians can provide early identification, continuing medical care and support to the child and the family.
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PMID:Autism: early identification and management in family practice. 195 Sep 71

Autism and dysphasia are behaviorally defined disorders of higher cerebral function which in preschool children share the common core symptom of impairment of language. In this study we describe the clinical characteristics of 314 autistic and 237 dysphasic nonautistic children evaluated by one child neurologist. There was no significant difference between autistic and dysphasic children in gestational age, birth weight, or prevalence of associated medical disorders, all of which were infrequent, although a positive history of resuscitation or ventilatory support was more common in dysphasic than autistic children (P = .03). As a group autistic children are more likely than dysphasic children to have language subtypes affecting central processing and formulation, a family history of psychiatric disorders and autism, and a history of regression of language and behavior. After excluding 12 girls with autistic symptoms who met the clinical criteria for Rett syndrome, we found that there was no significant difference in the number of autistic and dysphasic children with an abnormal sensorimotor examination. Girls with autism were more likely than boys to have severe mental deficiency (38% of autistic girls vs 23% of boys) (P = 0.012) and a motor deficit (27% vs 11%) (P = .0009).
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PMID:Autistic and dysphasic children. I: Clinical characteristics. 195 39


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