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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study examined the outcome of youth previously diagnosed with psychotic disorders at a public-sector tertiary care hospital. Of 95 children and adolescents retrospectively identified, follow-up information (mean interval 3.9 years) was obtained on 24 subjects with an outcome diagnosis of schizophrenia, 9 with psychotic mood disorders, 5 with personality disorders (antisocial or borderline), and 1 with schizo-affective disorder. The schizophrenic group was more often odd premorbidly and functioned worse at outcome, while the mood-disordered group had a shorter follow-up period and was more often anxious or dysthymic premorbidly. The personality-disordered group resembled the schizophrenics in their degree of impairment and chronicity. All three groups had high rates of family disruption, low SES, substance abuse, and chronicity, and were similar in their degree of premorbid impairment, length of prodrome, age of onset, initial diagnosis, and family psychiatric history. Misdiagnosis at onset was quite common and highlights the need for systematic longitudinal assessment of early onset psychotic disorders.
J Autism Dev Disord 1993 Jun
PMID:A follow-up study of early onset psychosis: comparison between outcome diagnoses of schizophrenia, mood disorders, and personality disorders. 833 Oct 46

The frequency and clinical presentation of autism in 28 probands with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are reported and risk factors that may influence the development of autism in TSC are examined. Eight probands meet ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria for autism, an additional 4 meet criteria for pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Twelve TSC probands with autism/PDD are compared to 16 TSC probands without these conditions for factors which may underlie the association of autism and TSC. A specific seizure type, infantile spasms, as well as mental retardation, are increased in the TSC, autistic/PDD group. Furthermore, rates of social phobia and substance abuse are elevated among first-degree relatives of TSC probands with autism compared to first-degree relatives of TSC probands without autism. Implications of these findings in understanding the association of autism and TSC are discussed.
J Autism Dev Disord 1998 Apr
PMID:Autism in tuberous sclerosis complex. 958 71

Social anxiety disorder is well suited to the spectrum concept because it has trait-like qualities of early onset, chronicity, and no empirically derived threshold that demarcates normal from clinically significant trait social anxiety. Social anxiety disorder has been shown to respond to relatively specific pharmacologic and cognitive-behavioral therapies, which makes identification of other conditions that may lie on the social anxiety disorder spectrum important because of possible treatment implications. Biologic markers associated with social anxiety disorder also may be shared by similar but nonidentical traits, such as behavioral inhibition and detachment. Clarification of the trait spectrums associated with specific biologic systems offers an opportunity for improving the understanding of the origin of these conditions. Strong evidence exists that at least some forms of shyness, avoidant personality disorder, and selective mutism lie on a social anxiety disorder spectrum. For several other disorders that share a prominent focus on social comparison, significant subgroups of patients seem to have features of social anxiety disorder. These disorders include major depression (especially the atypical subtype), body dysmorphic disorder, and eating disorders. Several other disorders marked by social dysfunction or inhibition, including substance use disorders (especially alcoholism), paranoid disorder, bipolar disorder, autism, and Asperger's disorder, also may show some overlap with social anxiety disorder features (e.g., social anxiety as a cause or complication of substance abuse, social avoidance in paranoid disorder, social disinhibiton in bipolar disorder, and social communication deficits in autism and Asperger's disorder). Social anxiety disorder also is associated with other anxiety disorders in general and other phobias in particular. In respect to traits, a growing body of evidence links behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar to a social anxiety disorder spectrum with some specificity. Biologic measures of dopamine system hypoactivity have been linked to social anxiety disorder, trait detachment, and general deficits in reward and incentive function. It remains to be clarified, however, whether this brain system function is best characterized by a social anxiety disorder spectrum or some variant that incorporates social reward deficits or social avoidance behavior. Social anxiety disorder, shyness, and behavioral inhibition all seem to have a genetic component, but more research is needed to attempt to identify a more specifically heritable temperament associated with these conditions. Finally, the emergent concept of a social anxiety spectrum needs maturation. Although the notion of a single social anxiety disorder spectrum currently has some clinical use, the authors believe that exclusive focus on the notion of a single continuum with two extremes--from social disinhibition in mania to the most severe form of social anxiety, avoidant personality disorder--is premature and limiting in respect to etiologic research. An alternative approach is to conceptualize multiple, probably overlapping spectra in this area of social psychopathology. Individual dimensions might be based on various core phenomenologic, cognitive, or biologic characteristics. A bottom-up biologic approach holds promise for identifying spectra with a common etiology that might respond to specific treatments. Taking a pluralistic view of the concept of spectrum at this stage may help accelerate our understanding of social anxiety and related disorders.
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PMID:The social anxiety spectrum. 1246 59

To describe lifetime mental disorders among perpetrators of severe inter-personal crimes and to identify the problem domains most closely associated with aggression and a history of repeated violent criminality, we used structured interviews, clinical assessments, analyses of intellectual functioning, medical and social files, and collateral interviews in 100 consecutive subjects of pretrial forensic psychiatric investigations. Childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders [attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), learning disability, tics and autism spectrum disorders] affected 55% of the subjects and formed complex comorbidity patterns with adult personality disorders [including psychopathic traits according to the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R)], mood disorders and substance abuse. The closest psychiatric covariates to high Lifetime History of Aggression (LHA) scores and violent recidivism were the PCL-R scores and childhood conduct disorder (CD). Behavioral and affective PCL-R factors were closely associated with childhood AD/HD, CD, and autistic traits. The results support the notion that childhood-onset social and behavioral problems form the most relevant psychiatric symptom cluster in relation to pervasive adult violent behavior, while late-onset mental disorders are more often associated with single acts of violent or sexual aggression.
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PMID:Adult psychopathic personality with childhood-onset hyperactivity and conduct disorder: a central problem constellation in forensic psychiatry. 1467 46

This study examined changes in the diagnostic patterns among children and adolescents treated for mental health problems between the years 1995 and 2000. Using a large database (MarketScan) which compiles claims information from private health insurance plans nationwide, our sample consisted of 100,716 children (under the age of 18) who submitted claims for outpatient mental health services, out of a total of 1,723,681 covered children. Over the five years period, there was a dramatic increase in the proportion of children diagnosed with both Autism and Bipolar disorders. An increase was also observed in Anxiety, ADHD and Depressive disorders. A decrease was observed in diagnostic prevalence of Oppositional, Adjustment and Substance Abuse disorders.
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PMID:Changes in outpatient psychiatric diagnosis in privately insured children and adolescents from 1995 to 2000. 1503 5

To identify the group of patients with presumed special needs in adult psychiatry, a list survey was made covering 11 months of diagnostic work in adult psychiatry with a catchment area of 213,000 inhabitants. The survey was made in the urban setting of Gothenburg. During the period of observation, 6,386 patients were diagnosed. Among them 156 (2.4%) were diagnosed with a neuropsychiatric diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, disorders associated with Tourette's syndrome or mental retardation. The adult psychiatric hospital care does not recognize child neuropsychiatric disorders in the patient population by the frequency the disorders presumably appear. This is especially clear in the group of patients with a combination of narcotic substance abuse and psychiatric symptoms.
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PMID:[Adult psychiatry does not recognize child neuropsychiatric disorders. A registry study shows discrepancy between expected and real number of cases]. 1560 43

This study describes the characteristics of children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) receiving treatment in community mental health settings. Data from a national community mental health initiative was used to identify children who had received a primary diagnosis of ASD. These children were compared with children with other diagnoses on socio-demographic and psychosocial characteristics, presenting problems and service histories. Regardless of diagnosis, children were most often referred to service because of disruptive behaviors. Children with ASD were less likely to be referred for drug use, truancy or running away, but were more likely to be referred for social interaction difficulties and strange behavior. Many children had family histories of mental illness, substance abuse and domestic violence. Implications of these findings are discussed in detail.
J Autism Dev Disord 2005 Jun
PMID:Characteristics of children with autistic spectrum disorders served in comprehensive community-based mental health settings. 1611 72

Arginine vasopressin functions as a neurochemical signal in the brain to affect social behavior. There is an expanding literature from animal and human studies showing that vasopressin, through the vasopressin 1A receptor (V1A), can stimulate aggressive behavior. Using a novel monocylic beta lactam platform, a series of orally active vasopressin V1a antagonists was developed with high affinity for the human receptor. SRX251 was chosen from this series of V1a antagonists to screen for effects on serenic activity in a resident-intruder model of offensive aggression. Resident, male Syrian golden hamsters were given oral doses of SRX251 or intraperitoneal Manning compound, a selective V1a receptor antagonist with reduced brain penetrance, at doses of 0.2 microg, 20 microg, 2 mg/kg or vehicle. When tested 90-120 min later, SRX251, but not Manning compound, caused a significant dose-dependent reduction in offensive aggression toward intruders as measured by latency to bite and number of bites. The reduction in aggression persisted for over 6 h and was no longer present 12 h post treatment. SRX251 did not alter the amount of time the resident investigated the intruder, olfactory communication, general motor activity, or sexual motivation. These data corroborate previous studies showing a role for vasopressin neurotransmission in aggression and suggest that V1a receptor antagonists may be used to treat interpersonal violence co-occurring with such illness as ADHD, autism, bipolar disorder, and substance abuse.
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PMID:Orally active vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist, SRX251, selectively blocks aggressive behavior. 1650 76

The limited literature on mental health problems in juvenile justice population has reported that most youth in juvenile justice hold psychiatric pathology. Although conduct disorder and substance abuse are the most prevalent conditions in this population, many other diagnoses can be found at alarmingly high rates; research on other diagnoses (eg, autism, psychosis) is limited. This finding underscores the necessity of implementing adequate diagnostic assessment within forensic settings and of developing interventions programs that take into account the presence of psychiatric problems.
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PMID:Mental health problems in juvenile justice populations. 1652 59

The study aimed to identify mental health publications in Arab countries cited in PubMed from 1987 to 2002 and to analyse the year of publication, journal and field of research, specifically for child and adolescent mental health studies. A PubMedsearch was performed for all mental health publications followed by an analysis of child and adolescent mental health citations. The total number of mental health research citations published in Arab countries over the last 15 years was 338, 1.2% of the total number of citations for biomedical research; 17% were on child and adolescent mental health. The most dynamic fields of mental health research are anxiety and mood disorders and substance abuse. Child psychiatry, especially attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and child autism, are not gaining much interest from Arab researchers.
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PMID:Mental health publications from the Arab world cited in PubMed, 1987-2002. 1660 50


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