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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Asperger syndrome (AS) is a pervasive developmental disorder generally regarded as a variant of autism. While it has been included in the ICD-10 and DSM-IV as a distinct diagnostic entity, it is still unclear to what extent it differs from high-functioning autism (HFA). Persons with HFA have been reported to show a variety of deficits of thought processes. Abnormalities such as poor reality testing, perceptual distortions, and areas of cognitive slippage have been described using the Rorschach inkblot test (Dykens, Volkmar, & Glick, 1991). Since AS has been conceptualized as a mild variant of autism, we hypothesized that persons with AS will have fewer abnormalities on the Rorschach test compared to persons with HFA. To test this hypothesis, we compared 12 subjects with AS (ICD-10, 10 male, mean age = 12.2 +/- 3.3 years, mean full-scale IQ = 99.6) with 8 subjects with HFA (ICD-10/DSM-III-R, 7 male, mean age = 12.2 +/- 3.8 years, mean full-scale IQ = 83.4) on the Rorschach test. AS subjects demonstrated a trend towards greater levels of disorganized thinking than the HFA group. They were also more likely to be classified as "Introversive" suggesting that AS subjects may have more complex inner lives involving elaborate fantasies, Also, AS subjects tended to be more focused on their internal experiences. However, overall, the Rorschach test was not found to differentiate the two diagnostic groups on the majority of structural variables. Implications of these findings are discussed with regard to the diagnostic validity of Asperger syndrome.
J Autism Dev Disord 1995 Jun
PMID:Brief report: thought disorder in Asperger syndrome: comparison with high-functioning autism. 755 96

Features useful in distinguishing children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) from those with autism or language disorder were developed from a retrospective chart review using groups of children with PDD-NOS and MA- and sex-matched autistic and language-disordered groups. Charts were reviewed using a list of 80 items compiled from various sources. Items that had adequate interrater reliability and significantly discriminated the PDD-NOS cases from the language-disordered or autistic cases were then evaluated using a second set of cases and signal detection methods. Fewer items significantly discriminated cases with autism from those with PDD-NOS as compared to cases with language disorder. Clinical implications are discussed.
J Autism Dev Disord 1993 Mar
PMID:Differentiating pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified from autism and language disorders. 768 20

In the revised diagnostic systems ICD-10 and DSM-IV Asperger's syndrome is listed as a subgroup under Pervasive developmental disorders. It has been argued that persons with this syndrome have similar characteristics as high functioning autists. The knowledge now available about autism is useful for understanding Asperger's syndrome, also when it comes to treatment strategies. The authors discuss differential diagnoses and assessment programmes.
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PMID:[Asperger's syndrome]. 769 19

Adaptive behavior was investigated for 497 urban preschool children with developmental disabilities (autism, pervasive developmental disorder, language impairment, mental retardation, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, cognitive deficit), ranging in age from 15 to 71 months, 38% of whom were in foster care. Disabilities were identified through comprehensive multidisciplinary evaluation. Adaptive behavior was assessed with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Results indicate a strong positive relation between adaptive behavior and intelligence if measured globally. When Vineland domains were assessed separately, this relation varied across domains and disability groups. With intelligence controlled, adaptive behavior patterns differed for disability groups in communication and socialization.
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PMID:Adaptive behavior of young urban children with developmental disabilities. 776 Jul 30

A large number of investigation techniques are used to establish the relationships between the clinical and biological data which are necessary for physiopathological analysis in the field of developmental disorders. It therefore seemed necessary to develop a quantified grouping system, based on developmental assessments, which could allow closer matching between clinical evaluations and biological numerical data. Two hundred and two subjects presenting developmental disorders (autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified and mental retardation) were examined. For each child, a quantification of autistic behaviour, intellectual impairment, neurological signs and language and communication disorders was performed. A cluster analysis of these quantified data elicited four subgroups according to the scores obtained in these four different areas. We showed the value of this approach by applying it to one of the studies of monoamines routinely examined in childhood autism--dopamine and HVA, its main urinary derivative. Moreover, this method revealed a subgroup within the total population which was independent of nosographic classification and which had a particular clinical and biochemical profile. Other applications could follow, for example in the fields of neurophysiology, cerebral imaging, molecular biology and genetics.
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PMID:Quantified multidimensional assessment of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Application for bioclinical research. 779 50

Although it is well known that informants often disagree about the degree of psychopathology in children, this issue has not been systematically evaluated in children with autism. The objective of this paper is to estimate the extent of agreement between parents and teachers on the assessment of autistic symptoms and adaptive behavior skills. We assessed 83 children, 4-6 years of age, with a diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), using the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS). Parents and teachers rated each child on each measure. While there was good agreement between informants on the VABS, teachers tended to rate the PDD children higher than parents. In contrast, there was virtually no agreement on the ABC. High levels of stress experienced by parents appeared to be associated with parents reporting more autistic behaviors and less adaptive skills than teachers. As with other child psychiatric disorders, caution must be exercised in combining information from several informants.
J Autism Dev Disord 1994 Dec
PMID:Parent and teacher agreement in the assessment of pervasive developmental disorders. 784 95

At present, although autism has become accepted as a pervasive developmental disorder, renewed attention is being turned upon the relationship between autism and childhood schizophrenia in recent years. Likewise, the relationship among Heller's syndrome, autism, and childhood schizophrenia has also become a focus of clinical interest. The author presents a case in which discrimination among autism, Heller's syndrome, and childhood schizophrenia is difficult, supplementing discussion from the nosological standpoint. The subject is a male, who was 7 years old at first presentation. Early signs of disorder other than a delay in verbal development were not recognized. At around age 3, a tendency to become isolated at nursery school, and a rambling speech without cohesion was noted at home. Also around this time, the subject was seen to take an obsessive interest in written characters and maps. However, a drastic increase in the severity of symptoms occurred at about 1 week after entering 1st grade with the sudden appearance of hyperactive tendency, accompanied by anxiety at night and loss of control over both urinary and bowel functions. This was followed by the appearance of severe self-injurious behavior, for which the subject came under the care of the author. Subsequently, the author has been involved with the subject therapeutically for about 10 years. In that interval, although a tendency of improvement has been noted in his condition, no substantial change has been recognized in terms of the fundamental disease picture.
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PMID:A case in which diagnosis between autism, Heller's syndrome and childhood schizophrenia is difficult. 789 25

Investigated the use of cohesive links to create a reciprocal conversation in individuals with autism, Asperger syndrome, and a control group of children and adolescents with nonspecific social problems. All subjects engaged in a 10-minute conversation with an examiner that touched on various topics. The conversation was audiotaped, transcribed, and coded blindly for several types of cohesive links. Compared to controls, the higher functioning autistic group referred less to a previous stretch of the conversation and more to an aspect of the physical environment. The Asperger group, on the other hand, was very similar to the controls except they made more unclear references that were difficult to interpret. Implications of these findings for understanding the communicative failure of subjects with pervasive developmental disorder are discussed.
J Autism Dev Disord 1994 Jun
PMID:Cohesive discourse in pervasive developmental disorders. 805 Sep 85

Assessed differences in sex ratio, severity of associated mental retardation, and various metrics of severity of autism in autistic, PDD-NOS, and developmentally disordered (non-PDD) cases. Males with autism were more frequent than females, particular at higher IQ levels. The three clinical groups differed, in expected ways, in the various measures of severity of autism with the PDD-NOS cases being intermediate between the strictly diagnosed autistic group and the non-PDD developmental disordered group. Sex differences were primarily confined to IQ; sex differences in other metrics of severity of autism were not prominent. Implications for future research are discussed.
J Autism Dev Disord 1993 Dec
PMID:Sex differences in pervasive developmental disorders. 810 1

This paper is part of a special section on 'psychopharmacotherapy in children' and focuses on benzodiazepine receptors in autism. Infantile autism in an early and pervasive developmental disorder described by Kanner in 1943. Anatomical, pathological and magnetic resonance imaging studies have indicated changes in the cerebellum and hippocampus of autistic subjects. Given the numerical importance and diffuse benzodiazepine receptors, their study by functional brain imaging methods in vivo could be value in cases of infantile autism as a gauge of neuronal potentiality. The main data concerning benzodiazepine complex are presented. The relations between these data and the neurophysiological hypotheses of autism are discussed.
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PMID:Theoretical aspects of the study of benzodiazepine receptors in infantile autism. 813 12


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