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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Children with autism or pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) share a number of symptoms. Forty-one cases have been reported in which PDD patients subsequently developed TS. We term this PDD----TS. We describe an additional 16 such patients plus 3 families where a close relative of a TS proband had autism. There was a high frequency of alcoholism, drug abuse, obsessive-compulsive, and other behavior disorders in the relatives of these patients. This frequency was virtually identical to that observed in relatives of individuals with TS only. We suggest there is an intimate genetic, neuropathologic relatedness between some cases of PDD and TS. Many observations have led us to suggest that the genetic defect in TS may be a mutation of tryptophan oxygenase and that TS is inherited as a semidominant semirecessive trait, i.e., homozygosity for a common gene which shows some expression in the heterozygous state. We propose that some types of PDD are inherited in the same fashion and by the same gene. This would explain the similarity of symptoms, frequent evolution of PDD into TS, the apparent recessive inheritance of PDD despite no increase in consanguinity, the high frequency of behavior problems in the relatives of PDD----TS patients and the serotonin abnormalities.
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PMID:Clinical and genetic relationships between autism-pervasive developmental disorder and Tourette syndrome: a study of 19 cases. 206 22

Fourteen children (12 infantile autism full syndrome present, 2 atypical pervasive developmental disorder) between 5 and 13 years of age participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Each child received 20 mg Org 2766 (synthetic analog of ACTH 4-9)/day during 4 weeks, or placebo in a randomly assigned sequence. Drug effects were monitored by ethological playroom observation and by Aberrant Behavior Checklist ratings by parents and teachers. Data of the playroom observation pointed to an activating influence of Org 2766, as revealed by a significant decrease of stereotypic behavior and significant increases in "change toys," "locomote," and "talk." Checklist ratings did not show significant changes. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
J Autism Dev Disord 1990 Dec
PMID:Behavioral effects of Org 2766, a synthetic analog of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (4-9), in 14 outpatient autistic children. 217 46

DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnoses of 112 developmentally disordered preschool children were compared. There was no significant difference between the DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnosis of the inclusive category of pervasive developmental disorder, but nearly twice as many cases (58) were diagnosed as autistic disorder by DSM-III-R criteria as were diagnosed as infantile autism (31) by DSM-III. Thirty children met both DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria for autism (IA/AD) and 23 received a DSM-III diagnosis of atypical PDD (A-PDD) and a DSM-III-R diagnosis of AD (A-PDD/AD). All of the IA/AD children and none of the A-PDD/AD group displayed a marked lack of awareness of others. DSM-III-R criteria have specifically broadened the concept of autism to include children who, although socially impaired, are not pervasively unresponsive to others.
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PMID:DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnosis of autism and pervasive developmental disorder in nursery school children. 229 64

We review the English-language literature on Asperger's syndrome (AS), with particular reference to diagnostic criteria and differentiation from infantile autism and personality disorders, and describe six cases seen in practice: all met DSM-III criteria for 'atypical pervasive developmental disorder'. Three also developed Tourette syndrome: the co-occurrence of the two disorders, and methods of intervention, are discussed.
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PMID:Asperger's syndrome and Tourette syndrome: the case of the pinball wizard. 243 Jun 59

A day treatment program was provided for 31 children (ages 2 through 6) with DSM-III diagnoses of infantile autism or pervasive developmental disorder. The main intervention strategies were use of positively charged affective experiences to aid the development of close interpersonal relationships, use of play in all its interpersonal, cognitive, and structural variety, and a pragmatics-based language therapy model delivered within a highly predictable and carefully structured milieu. Over a 6-month intervention period, subjects demonstrated significant treatment effects in cognition, perceptual/fine motor, social/emotional, and language skills, which were maintained or increased over a 12- to 18-month treatment period. Play skills increased significantly in symbolic complexity, symbolic agency, and symbolic substitutions. Additionally, there was significant reduction of autistic symptomology.
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PMID:An effective day treatment model for young children with pervasive developmental disorders. 246 24

Twelve of eighteen preschool children, previously diagnosed as having an atypical pervasive developmental disorder (APDD), using the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III) of the American Psychiatric Association, were followed up 5 years later. The follow-up consisted of a pediatric neurodevelopmental evaluation and the administration of the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC), and a scale derived from the criteria for an autistic disorder (AD) in the revised third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III-R). The children continued to have significant emotional, social, and cognitive problems at follow-up. Almost all required some form of therapeutic intervention, and many received multiple interventions. A broader range of symptoms (including positive symptoms of schizophrenia and signs of affective and anxiety disorders) were noted. A comparison of DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria for autism with this population revealed a lack of reliability in diagnoses between systems, both with respect to the more specific diagnosis ("autism") and the less specific atypical diagnoses. The authors discuss the implications of these findings with respect to the interpretation of future follow-up studies of autistic and atypical children.
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PMID:A five-year follow-up of preschool children diagnosed as having an atypical pervasive developmental disorder. 260 Jan 85

A Japanese translation of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) (the Tokyo version of the CARS, CARS-TV) was used with 167 developmentally disabled children under age 16. Cronbach's coefficient alpha was .87. The interrater reliability (r) for each of the 15 scales based on 128 children ranged from .43 to .77 with an average of .62. Based on the 167 children, the total CARS-TV score demonstrated a satisfactory level of taxonomic validity (Thorndike, 1982) on DSM-III diagnostic groups. The total score discriminated infantile autism and other pervasive developmental disorders more efficiently from mental retardation without an additional diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder than an IQ. The total score also showed a satisfactory concurrent validity on the overall rating of autism.
J Autism Dev Disord 1989 Sep
PMID:Reliability and validity of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale--Tokyo version (CARS-TV). 279 84

Preference for social gaze as well as the percentage occurrence of social gaze, nonverbal social avoidance, and nonverbal repetitive behaviors were examined in autistic and nonautistic prepubertal males with the fragile X syndrome (fra[X]) during social interaction with a parent or stranger. Comparison groups were nonhandicapped, Down syndrome, atypical pervasive developmental disorder, and autistic males. The subjects with fra(X) and the nonhandicapped and Down syndrome control subjects discriminated parent from stranger as evidenced by their avoidance behavior. The overall percentage of avoidance was higher, however, for both parent and stranger, among the males with fra(X). Autistic and atypical groups without fra(X) failed to discriminate parent from stranger in their avoidance behavior. Possible explanations for these group differences in terms of language level or degree of language demand were ruled out. Implications for research concerning the relations among fra(X), autism, and mental retardation were discussed.
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PMID:Social gaze, social avoidance, and repetitive behavior in fragile X males: a controlled study. 296 90

Autism is a severe form of childhood psychopathology first described by Leo Kanner in 1943. While over the years there has been substantial controversy about many features of the syndrome, there is today some consensus as to the behavioral characteristics associated with the diagnosis. These include onset of the disorder in the early preschool years, severe and pervasive deficits in social behavior and attachments, deficits in speech and language, insistence for the preservation of sameness, unusual responsiveness to the sensory environment, self-stimulation, self-injurious behavior, isolated skill areas, and inappropriate affect. Another associated feature of many cases of autism is mental retardation. The present article describes these behavioral features as well as the application of the diagnosis and differentiation of autism from other disorders including primary mental retardation, childhood schizophrenia, developmental aphasia, and pervasive developmental disorder.
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PMID:Diagnostic features of autism. 305 87

Fragile X syndrome is a newly recognized X-linked disorder which has been associated with a high prevalence of psychiatric disturbance, particularly attention deficit disorder and autism. The present study involved the neuropsychiatric evaluation of 14 males with the disorder who were between the ages of 3 to 27 years. Pervasive hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attentional deficits were found among all of the subjects, while a significant degree of anxiety was manifested by more than half. Although the majority of subjects exhibited poor eye contact, atypical speech and language functioning, and stereotyped behavior, only one met DSM-III diagnostic criteria for a persistent pervasive developmental disorder. Gaze aversion, noted among half of the subjects, was attributed to underlying anxiety rather than to autistic social dysfunction because of the otherwise socially engaged and affectionate behavior exhibited by the subjects. Failure to make this distinction in the context of cognitive and linguistic impairments associated with fragile X syndrome may account for the high rates of autism reported by other investigators.
J Autism Dev Disord 1988 Sep
PMID:Fragile X syndrome: genetic predisposition to psychopathology. 317 Apr 53


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