Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

At the present time, neuroleptics are indicated for the treatment of acute psychotic states as well as Tourette's syndrome in children and adults. Neuroleptics may have a useful role in the attenuation of problem behaviors, such as stereotypies, hyperactivity, self-injury, and aggressive outbursts in infantile autism, pervasive developmental disorder NOS, and mental retardation, but they do not improve the underlying condition. Neuroleptics are not the agents of first choice for treatment of hyperactivity or aggression in children who do not have major developmental handicaps. Common and troublesome side effects associated with neuroleptic use in children and adolescents include sedation, extrapyramidal symptoms, and withdrawal dyskinesias; therefore, close monitoring is required. Neuroleptics should be used cautiously and only as an adjunct to other nonpharmacologic interventions.
 ...
PMID:Neuroleptics in pediatric psychiatry. 134 40

The present paper provides a brief history of the development of the DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1987) section on Pervasive Developmental Disorders. It describes the process by which the contents of the text and criteria for Autistic Disorder and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified were decided and gives the reasons for the changes from DSM-III (APA, 1980) categories and criteria. The paper concludes with a short discussion of critical diagnostic issues.
J Autism Dev Disord 1992 Dec
PMID:Pervasive developmental disorders: from DSM-III to DSM-III-R. 148 75

Autism is a rare behavioral phenotype defined by a qualitative impairment in reciprocal social interaction, impairment in communication and imaginative activity, and a markedly restricted repertoire of activities and interests. It is the most severe and prototypical form of the general category of Pervasive Developmental Disorders of Childhood. Using even strict diagnostic criteria, the currently described etiologies of autism are heterogeneous, with the majority of cases continuing to be idiopathic. At present, it is not clear whether autism is merely a behaviorally defined phenotype arising from diverse etiologies or a separate category of psychological dysfunction for which some unifying etiology exists. Complex chromosome rearrangements (CCR) are rare structural abnormalities involving at least three chromosomes and three or more break-points. We report a 6.5-year-old boy with classic infantile autism and a CCR involving chromosomes 1, 7, and 21. We discuss the possible relationship of his chromosome abnormality to the etiology of his autism.
 ...
PMID:A complex chromosome rearrangement in a boy with autism. 150 68

Childhood autism, the most characteristic subgroup of the broader PDD (pervasive developmental disorders) category, is the consequence of genetic or typically prenatal, organic factors causing cerebral damage. The resulting mental handicap lasts for a lifetime. It is characterized by a behavioural syndrome, that becomes recognizable between the 2.-3. year. The core of the syndrome is a deviant and/or retarded development of cognitive capacities and skills necessary for social relations, communication, fantasy and symbolic thinking. Almost all autistic people (95%) would not reach independence as adults, and most of them (75%) is mentally retarded as well. According to our calculations about 16,000 people are affected in Hungary, in a more or less serious degree, 2000 children among them. Their condition would require intensive, early and long lasting intervention: conditioning, training, education, and special social services. Today we do not possess the necessary organisational background, nor the professional training, and knowledge. For the early diagnosis, proper care and services the competence of child- and general psychiatrists, also of family doctors is indispensable. The author summarizes the most important available informations on the field first of all for those, who work in the general medical services.
 ...
PMID:[Current concept of autism]. 176 60

The behaviour profiles of 176 mentally retarded individuals from two reception centres and nine group homes were assessed. The correlations between behaviour and age, sex, degree of mental retardation, etiology of mental retardation and medical diagnosis were assessed using the Revised Child Behaviour Profile. The severity of behaviour disturbance did not vary with age or medical diagnosis. The moderately retarded subjects presented with more severe behaviour problems, such as aggression, than the severely mentally retarded subjects. The variable most predictive of behavioural problems was etiology of the disorder. Individuals with Down's syndrome had significantly fewer behaviour disturbances and those with autism and pervasive developmental disorder had significantly more behaviour disturbances than other subjects. A psychiatric disorder was found in 10.2% of the sample. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to public policy.
 ...
PMID:Behaviour problems of the mentally retarded. 179 May 15

Of 135 autistic and/or mentally retarded youngsters, 30 with pervasive developmental disorders and 2 with nonautistic mental retardation showed school refusal according to its modified definition. School refusal was significantly more frequent in other PDDs than in nonautistic mental retardation. The intellectual level was significantly higher in PDD children with school refusal than those without it. A certain level of mental development and obsessive tendency appear necessary for PDD children to develop school refusal. In order to treat school refusal in PDD, it is important to make school a pleasant place to go and to encourage the child to attend.
J Autism Dev Disord 1991 Mar
PMID:School refusal in pervasive developmental disorders. 203 46

Serotonin (5HT) levels in platelet-rich plasma were measured in 5 autistic subjects who had siblings with either autism or pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), 23 autistic subjects without affected siblings, and 10 normal controls. The 5HT levels of autistic subjects with affected siblings were significantly higher than probands without affected siblings, and autistic subjects without affected siblings had 5HT levels significantly higher than controls. Differences in 5HT levels remained significant after adjustment for sex, age, and IQ. These results suggest that 5HT level in autistic subjects may be associated with genetic liability to autism.
J Autism Dev Disord 1991 Mar
PMID:Platelet serotonin, a possible marker for familial autism. 203 49

Clinically, adult autistic and PDD individuals appear to have an uneasy relationship with their social environment no matter how much developmental progress they make. Many can work at modest jobs, many more do not, and even fewer are interested enough in the human environment to cohabitate and/or marry. A conversation with a young autistic man of 20 about a trip to visit a relative focuses more on the time the train left and how late it was in hypermnestic detail, including all details except the affective environment or the relationships to human beings. This is the human significance of the term autism. Autistics can speak and reference, but they seem not to understand the social requirements of a human interchange. If they do know it, they know it in a fragmentary or rudimentary way devoid of subtlety or nuance. Whatever we mean by social intercourse and whatever functions subsume it, they seem to emerge in interaction with cognition and language. They develop apace as human traverse those first 3 years of life and as they reach social maturity in adolescence. Autistic children appear not to integrate their knowledge of things in a representation that includes emotional and cognitive elements. They do not seem to understand that words necessarily refer to things of this world that others are also referencing in their words and sentences--shared reference is not natural to them. Intersubjectivity as a feature of common code use is not tacit or explicit in their behavior. They similarly do not use social referencing in the way in which normals do, and although they show some attachment to people, they seem to do so without benefit of affective display leading to reciprocity. There is little notion of the external that makes another human being distinguishable from a thing. Their treasured objects in early childhood are hard and lack comforting proximal receptor attractiveness as in normals. Hobson's extensive studies have elaborated a notion about the autistic child's knowledge of person. He comments on the lack of integration of the verbal and visual situational ties in which affective expression emerges and functions. He also comments on the deictic inabilities, inferring that the "I," "you," and "he" references do not have any significance for such children. We would like to note that while Vygotsky and others have observed that speech comes from the world of people, language comes from the maturing organism as an innate propensity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Social deviance in autism: a central integrative failure as a model for social nonengagement. 204 30

A 4-year-old girl presented for a psychiatric evaluation with reported episodes of clumsiness, aggressiveness, lack of relatedness, and temper tantrums. Her evaluation disclosed multiple developmental deficits, including cognitive, affective, and social lags. Given her individual history and her specific constellation of symptoms as well as a familial history indicative of developmental impairment, the child was diagnosed as having pervasive developmental disorder. This diagnosis reflects the expanded nosology for autism, as specified in DSM-III-R. Subsequently, after a genetic evaluation, the child was found to have an organic central nervous system deficit in the form of cerebral gigantism, a neural disorder. The recognition of an organic impairment in this case contributed to an understanding of the pervasive developmental disorder symptomatology and facilitated the formulation of an appropriate therapeutic protocol that addressed both developmental and neurological components.
 ...
PMID:Treatment strategies for a case of concurrent pervasive developmental disorder and cerebral gigantism. 205 90

The histories of 10 children with autistic disorder or pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) cooccurring with familial Tourette syndrome (TS) are presented. Evidence from the histories of the patients and their relatives combined with other reports of cases of cooccurrence of TS and autism provides support for the hypothesis that TS may be responsible for cases of coocurrence of the disorders, contributes significantly to the etiological heterogeneity of autistic disorder and that a portion of cases of autism may actually be a result of homozygosity for the TS gene. In addition, the presence of affective disorders and autistic-like syndromes or mild disturbances of social relatedness in some of the pedigrees suggests the hypothesis that TS may be responsible for a subgroup of families with cooccurring affective and autistic disorders and for some cases of familial aggregation of autism-PDD.
 ...
PMID:Tourette syndrome and autistic disorder: a significant relationship. 206 21


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>