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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is increasing recognition that autism is a syndrome, not a disease entity. But it is not yet clear why some children develop autistic behavior more easily than others. It has been noted that autistic symptoms occur more frequently in children with mental retardation, blindness, congenital rubella, phenylketonuria, etc., and that there are very few cases of classical infantile autism in the general population. Very rarely has autism been associated with Down's syndrome. This is a report of a case of Down's syndrome and infantile autism.
J Autism Dev Disord 1979 Mar
PMID:A case of infantile autism associated with Down's syndrome. 15 85

A longitudinal study was conducted of 243 children with congenital rubella. In this sample a high rate of autism and a high rate of recovery were observed. Examination of the data suggested that the rubella virus was the primary etiologic agent. It is hypothesized that the course of autism was that of a chronic infection in which recovery, chronicity, improvement, worsening, and delayed appearance of the autistic syndrome all were found. Other rubella consequences such as blindness, deafness, and cardiac and neuromuscular defects remained present except as modified by operations and prostheses. Degree of mental retardation initially was related to the outcome of autism but shifts in mental retardation over time did not correlate significantly for the group with shift in the autistic symptoms.
J Autism Child Schizophr 1977 Mar
PMID:Follow-up report on autism in congenital rubella. 57 6

Leslie (1987) has proposed a cognitivist model for the young child's "theory of mind" and capacity to pretend. Serious shortcomings in Leslie's nondevelopmental, nonsocial, and restrictively cognitive account are noted, and an alternative thesis is proposed: A young child's knowledge about people is grounded in the experience of affectively charged interpersonal relations, and the child's capacity for pretend play develops on the basis of prior abilities to perceive the nature of other people's relatedness to the world. Clinical phenomena associated with autism and congenital blindness provide evidence for this thesis.
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PMID:On acquiring knowledge about people and the capacity to pretend: response to Leslie (1987) 230 25

The behavioral characteristics of five preschool boys with Leber's congenital amaurosis were compared with those of five preschool boys who had been blind from birth from other causes. The boys with Leber's amaurosis met criteria for infantile autism and had remarkably similar developmental histories. They had significantly higher ratings on the Childhood Autism Rating Scale for both frequency and severity of autistic symptoms. The two groups also had different profiles on the Autism Behavior Checklist, the Leber group having a distinctive profile and higher scores. It is suggested that cases of Leber's amaurosis may account for some descriptions in the literature of the co-occurrence of autistic behavior and blindness in children. Deficits in cerebellar structure have been reported in some Leber patients and in some autistic children, which may provide the neurological basis for the behavioral similarities seen in children with Leber's amaurosis and sighted autistic children.
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PMID:Characteristics of infantile autism in five children with Leber's congenital amaurosis. 280 41

The past 20 years have been productive ones for the field of applied behavior analysis. A brief review of our own efforts during this period reveals that we have accomplished several but not all of our goals for the Teaching-Family approach. In this context, we note that the setting of realistic and appropriate goals is important for the field and for society. Moreover, we suggest that the realistic goal for some persons with serious delinquent behavior may be extended supportive and socializing treatment rather than permanent cure from conventional short-term treatment programs. We base this suggestion on the accumulating evidence that serious delinquent behavior may often be part of a significantly disabling and durable condition that consists of multiple antisocial and dysfunctional behaviors, often runs in families, and robustly eludes effective short-term treatment. Like other significant disabilities such as retardation, autism, and blindness, the effects of this condition may be a function of an interaction of environmental and constitutional variables. We argue that our field has the wherewithal to construct effective and humane long-term supportive environments for seriously delinquent youths. In this regard, we explore the dimensions, rationales, logistics, and beginnings of a new treatment direction that involves long-term supportive family treatment. We contend that such supportive families may be able to provide long, perhaps even lifetime, socializing influences through models, values, and contingencies that seem essential for developing and maintaining prosocial behavior in these high-risk youths.
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PMID:Serious delinquent behavior as part of a significantly handicapping condition: cures and supportive environments. 332 56

To obtain some speech discrimination without lip reading it is necessary to elicit different frequency sound sensations in the totally deaf cochlea. Thus, electrically proofs compartments must be created all along the cochlear keyboard. The placement of twelve intracochlear electrodes is greatly facilitated by using our electrode-bearer, which is introduced through the round window by a posterior tympanotomy approach. However, partial or complete ossification of the cochlea may sometimes necessitate the use of our first technique of placement of electrodes one by one with Silastic pieces through twelve cochlear fenestrations. The indications for implanting depend on certain immutable criteria (total deafness, auditory response to electrical stimulation of the round window, patient's motivation), but other criteria are also described and discussed (socialization level, cochlear ossification, and preoperative electrophysiologic data). Associated handicaps (autism, blindness, tetraplegia) are not contraindications and often represent supplementary reasons for implantation.
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PMID:Technique and indications for the French multichannel cochlear implant "Chorimac-12" for total deafness rehabilitation. 383 32

More than 90% of cases of patients suffering from acquired or congenital deafness may be provided with some sound sensation owing to the electrical stimulation of the few cochlear nerve fibers that are still present in the deaf cochlea. In order to obtain some speech discrimination without lip reading it is necessary to elicite different frequency sound sensations. Thus electrically proofs compartments must be performed all along the cochlear keyboard. The placement of 12 intra-cochlear electrodes is greatly facilitated by using an electrodes-bearer which is introduced through a very simple and classical surgical procedure. The indications for implanting depend on undiscussible criteria (total deafness, auditory response to electrical stimulation of the round window, patient's motivation). Clinical results consist of psychoaffective improvement and auditory possibilities. All patients are able to discriminate homosyllabic words in closed lists without lips reading, but the percentages of these performances greatly vary from one patient to the other. Some patients, generally suffering from acquired total deafness, are able to discriminate words or sentences without reference list and without help of lips reading. These results depend on the patient's socialization level, on the pre or post-lingual status of the deafness, on an eventual cochlear ossification, and on the value of several pre operative electro physiological data. Associated handicaps (autism, blindness, tetraplegia) are not contra indications and often represent supplementary reasons for implanting. The value of these post-operative results may be predicted owing to a series of electrical pre-operative tests and clinical data. Thus it is possible to determine the respective indications of multi and single channel cochlear implants.
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PMID:The Chorimac-12. A multichannel cochlear implant for total deafness. Description and clinical results. 384 55

The traditional theories according to which deprivation of the visual channel is directly responsible for every disturbance observed in children born blind or partially sighted prove to be unsatisfactory; they fail to answer why, given the same visual defect, some children develop in a healthy way while others present a typical picture of infantile psychosis. The authors put forward the following hypotheses: infantile psychosis is always both a sign of and a response to trauma, in the sense developed by Freud in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, which has struck the mother-child dual unit; the high frequency of psychotics among children born blind indicates that blindness is a particularly charged trauma. The traumatic neurosis of the parents and especially of the mother is catastrophic for the child; it is therefore necessary to understand why and how its works, how it can be avoided or dealth with. The authors present a detailed clinical description of the various possible mother-child constellations and regarding unfavourable outcomes, propose preventive measures.
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PMID:[Congenital visual deficiency: chances and difficulties of management]. 404 24

Although developmental disabilities are among the major chronic health problems affecting children in the United States, the contribution of developmental disabilities to childhood mortality is unknown. To investigate the magnitude of this contribution, multiple cause-of-death data were examined for US children, aged 1-19 years, for 1980 and 1983-1989. The following conditions were included as developmental disabilities: autism, attention deficit disorder, learning disorders, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, muscular dystrophy, blindness and deafness. Based on underlying cause only, it was found that developmental disabilities were the fifth leading cause of nontraumatic death for children between 1 and 14 years of age and the third leading cause of non-traumatic death for children between 15 and 19 years. When a multiple cause approach was used to define developmental disability-related deaths (i.e. when contributing as well as underlying cause was considered), the number of such deaths nearly doubled. On the basis of both underlying- and multiple-cause analyses, cerebral palsy was the developmental disability most frequently cited as a cause of death. Mental retardation ranked second according to the multiple-cause approach but only fourth according to the underlying-cause approach. The least frequent causes of death (autism, attention deficit disorder, learning disorders, blindness, and deafness) were the ones most likely to be coded as contributing rather than underlying causes. Developmental disability-related mortality rates were highest among children aged 1-4 and 15-19 years, highest among blacks and lowest among racial groups other than blacks and whites, and higher among males than females. Although results of multiple-cause-of-death analyses more accurately reflect the proportion of deaths related to developmental disabilities, even this approach may underestimate the degree to which mortality is associated with a developmental disability.
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PMID:Contribution of developmental disabilities to childhood mortality in the United States: a multiple-cause-of-death analysis. 753 59

Teachers and parents completed the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) on a clinical sample of 17 congenitally blind children. Of the 17 children, 4 had a definite or likely pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) as judged by independent case note review. The ABC was administered both in its original format and in a slightly modified format. Only teacher-completed ABCs detected group differences and had satisfactory test-retest reliability. The modified-format ABC completed by teachers detected 3 of the 4 children with PDDs without any false positives. Screening questionnaires may have a limited but useful role in locating subjects with blindness plus putative PDDs for further study.
J Autism Dev Disord 1995 Apr
PMID:Questionnaire screening for comorbid pervasive developmental disorders in congenitally blind children: a pilot study. 755 85


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