Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the last twenty years, in spite of extensive literature regarding the use of SSRIs in pregnancy, confusion still exists as to possible long-term risks of these drugs on the offspring. Possible negative effects relate to neurodevelopmental outcome and association with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Most neurodevelopmental follow up studies did not find significant cognitive impairment except from some apparently transient, gross motor delay and slight impairment of language abilities. The literature on the possible association of SSRIs with ASD is inconsistent, and if an association exists it is apparently throughout pregnancy. There is a higher risk for psychiatric problems which might be related to the maternal psychiatric disease for which SSRIs were prescribed. Most animal studies did not demonstrate teratogenicity, and the observed neurodevelopmental problems are of models with depression induced during pregnancy. Depression seems to be associated with up regulation of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and prenatal SSRIs also seem to affect the HPA axis in animals and man, but the possible long-term outcome has yet to be established. SSRIs might apparently also induce epigenetic changes. There is, however, little proof for significant damaging effects of SSRIs in pregnancy. When evaluating the risk/benefit ratio of SSRI treatment in pregnancy, the risk associated with treatment discontinuation e.g. higher frequency of relapse and postpartum depression appears to outweigh the potential risks of treatment. Moreover, maternal depression may negatively affect the child's development, emphasizing the importance of prevention by appropriate treatment during pregnancy with the least minimal effective dose.
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PMID:Neurobehavioral risks of SSRIs in pregnancy: Comparing human and animal data. 2849 14

This narrative review based on a literature search in PubMed and PsycInfo on the two terms prenatal and antenatal depression includes empirical studies, reviews and meta-analyses that have been published during the last 5 years on risk factors, developmental effects and interventions for prenatal depression. Risk factor studies that met criteria feature demographic measures (lower socioeconomic status, less education, non-marital status, non-employment, less social support and health locus of control, unintended pregnancy, partner violence and history of child abuse) and physiological variables (cortisol, amylase, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and intrauterine artery resistance). The negative effects include postpartum depression, paternal depression, and prematurity and low birth weight. Negative effects on infants include greater right frontal EEG, amygdala connectivity, cortical thinning and more difficult temperament. In childhood, externalizing and internalizing problems have been reported. The data on prenatal antidepressants (specifically SSRIs) reveal negative effects including internalizing problems as well as a greater risk for autism spectrum disorder. Prenatal interventions that have been effective include interpersonal psychotherapy, peer support, massage therapy, yoga, tai chi, and aerobic exercise. Potential underlying mechanisms are discussed as well as methodological limitations including homogeneity of samples and lack of randomization to intervention groups. Despite these limitations, the literature highlights the need for prenatal depression screening and intervention.
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PMID:Prenatal Depression Risk Factors, Developmental Effects and Interventions: A Review. 2870 6

Brain sex differences are programmed largely by sex hormone secretions and direct sex chromosome effects in early life, and are subsequently modulated by early life experiences. The brain's resident immune cells, called microglia, actively contribute to brain development. Recent research has shown that microglia are sexually dimorphic, especially during early life, and may participate in sex-specific organization of the brain and behavior. Likewise, sex differences in immune cells and their signaling in the adult brain have been found, although in most cases their function remains unclear. Additionally, immune cells and their signaling have been implicated in many disorders in which brain development or plasticity is altered, including autism, schizophrenia, pain disorders, major depression, and postpartum depression. This review summarizes what is currently known about sex differences in neuroimmune function in development and during other major phases of brain plasticity, as well as the current state of knowledge regarding sex-specific neuroimmune function in psychiatric disorders.
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PMID:Small cells with big implications: Microglia and sex differences in brain development, plasticity and behavioral health. 3019 20

The well-child visit allows for comprehensive assessment of a child and the opportunity for further evaluation if abnormalities are detected. A complete history during the well-child visit includes information about birth history; prior screenings; diet; sleep; dental care; and medical, surgical, family, and social histories. A head-to-toe examination should be performed, including a review of growth. Immunizations should be reviewed and updated as appropriate. Screening for postpartum depression in mothers of infants up to six months of age is recommended. Based on expert opinion, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends developmental surveillance at each visit, with formal developmental screening at nine, 18, and 30 months and autism-specific screening at 18 and 24 months; the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force found insufficient evidence to make a recommendation. Well-child visits provide the opportunity to answer parents' or caregivers' questions and to provide age-appropriate guidance. Car seats should remain rear facing until two years of age or until the height or weight limit for the seat is reached. Fluoride use, limiting or avoiding juice, and weaning to a cup by 12 months of age may improve dental health. A one-time vision screening between three and five years of age is recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force to detect amblyopia. The American Academy of Pediatrics guideline based on expert opinion recommends that screen time be avoided, with the exception of video chatting, in children younger than 18 months and limited to one hour per day for children two to five years of age. Cessation of breastfeeding before six months and transition to solid foods before six months are associated with childhood obesity. Juice and sugar-sweetened beverages should be avoided before one year of age and provided only in limited quantities for children older than one year.
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PMID:Well-Child Visits for Infants and Young Children. 3119 96


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