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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Comparison of the properties of blood platelets and serotonergic synaptosomes suggests that the human platelet can serve as an appropriate model for the transport, metabolism, and release of serotonin (5-HT) by CNS serotonergic neurons. The study of blood 5-HT levels and platelet 5-HT pharmacodynamics in patients with a variety of psychiatric and neurologic disorders has generated interesting leads into possible abnormalities of CNS 5-HT neurons in these patients. This article reviews the experimental evidence, which uses the human platelet model to investigate neurotransmitter-related abnormalities in Down syndrome, mental retardation, infantile autism, hyperactivity syndromes (minimal brain dysfunction), schizophrenia, affective disorders, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Parkinson disease, Huntington chorea, and migraine headaches.
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PMID:The human platelet. A diagnostic and research tool for the study of biogenic amines in psychiatric and neurologic disorders. 14 Jun 32

It is suggested that damage by mild trauma, viruses or bone disease to the otic capsule or to the membranes between the cochlea and the middle ear is common, and involved in many syndromes of obscure etiology. The clinical perilymph fistula (PF) syndrome can consist of any combination of the following: tinnitus, deafness, phonophobia, vertigo, ataxia, otalgia, facial palsy, headache, diplopia, blackouts, psychological distress. The following testable hypotheses are proposed: otitis media is due to perilymph in the middle ear, with secondary changes resulting from infection or inflammation: otosclerosis results from a slow leak in the presence of enzymes promoting bone growth: Meniere's syndrome follows reduced perilymph support for the endolymphatic system: Bell's palsy results from a perilymph provoked oedema in the bony facial nerve canal: PFs may be responsible for progressive rubella deafness, and for some cases of migraine, epilepsy, anxiety neurosis and hysteria: psychiatric sequelae of the PF syndrome predominate in the post-concussional syndrome and infantile autism: organisms can pass from the throat into the spinal fluid, causing meningitis or encephalitis. The tinnitus and vertigo are caused by random labyrinthine fluid movements, the headache and diplopia by reduced spinal fluid pressure.
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PMID:Perilymph fistula: a cause of auditory, vestibular, neurological and psychiatric disorder. 78 62

Magnesium has a profound effect on neural excitability; the most characteristic signs and symptoms of Mg deficiency are produced by neural and neuromuscular hyperexcitability. These create a constellation of clinical findings termed tetany syndrome (TS). TS symptoms include muscle spasms, cramps and hyperarousal, hyperventilation and asthenia. Physical signs (Chvostek's, Trousseau's or von Bonsdorff's) and abnormalities of the electromyogram or electroencephalogram can usually be elicited. Signs and symptoms of TS are frequently encountered in clinical practice, especially among patients with functional or stress-related disorders. The role of Mg deficit in TS is suggested by relatively low levels of serum or erythrocyte Mg and by the clinical response to oral Mg salts, which has been demonstrated in controlled studies. Among the more serious neurologic sequelae of TS are migraine attacks, transient ischemic attacks, sensorineural hearing loss and convulsions. Mg deficiency may predispose to hyperventilation and may sensitize the cerebral vasculature to the effects of hypocarbia. Mg deficiency increases susceptibility to the physiologic damage produced by stress, and Mg administration has a protective effect; studies on noise stress and noise-induced hearing loss are taken as an example. In addition, the adrenergic effects of psychological stress induce a shift of Mg from the intracellular to the extracellular space, increasing urinary excretion and eventually depleting body stores. Drugs used in neurology and psychiatry may affect Mg levels in blood and may diminish signs of tetany, making assessment of Mg status more difficult. Pharmacologic use of Mg can decrease neurologic deficit in experimental head trauma, possibly by blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. In conjunction with high doses of pyridoxine, Mg salts benefit 40% of patients with autism, possibly by an effect on dopamine metabolism.
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PMID:Magnesium, stress and neuropsychiatric disorders. 184 61

There are some evidences to propose blood platelets as a model of bioaminergic neurons. Similarities between platelets and neurons are particularly important with respect to serotonin metabolism but now it is possible to extend this model to other neurotransmitters such as dopamine, GABA, glutamate... The reason for these similarities may be due to the common embryonic origin of these two very different cell types. Some changes of platelet functions are observed in psychiatric syndromes. For example: serotonin uptake, bioamine storage, enzymatic activities are modified in different types of depression and schizophrenia, infantile autism, neurologic diseases (migraine, chorea, Down syndrom). Furthermore, psychotropic drugs also alter the platelet functions. Recently, the discovery of neuro-endocrine disorders in psychiatric diseases has led to the proposal of platelets as a model in neuro-endocrinology. Some arguments can be developed to support this hypothesis. In biological psychiatry, the platelet model seems actually useful essentially in the classification of psychiatric diseases, the management of treatments and the study of new psychotropic drugs. However methodologic difficulties still presently limit the development of this model.
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PMID:[Blood platelets: neuronal model in psychiatric disorders]. 286 6

The ability to study regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) is available in many institutions, especially with the spread of multi-headed gamma cameras. The use of this technique in paediatrics requires special attention to detail in the manner of data acquisition and handling the child. The interpretation of the rCBF study in a child requires knowledge of normal brain maturation. The major clinical use in paediatrics is epilepsy because of the advances in surgery and the frequency of complex partial seizures. Other indications in paediatric neurology include brain death, acute neurological loss including stroke, language disorders, cerebral palsy, hypertension due to renovascular disease, traumatic brain injury and migraine. There are paediatric psychological conditions in which rCBF assessment has been undertaken, including anorexia nervosa, autism, Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) and attention deficit disorder-hyperactivity (ADHD). This article attempts to review all aspects of rCBF studies in paediatrics.
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PMID:Cerebral blood flow imaging in paediatrics: a review. 900 97

Radioisotope brain imaging has focused mainly on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). However the use of ligands which go to specific receptor sites is being introduced in paediatrics, mainly psychiatry. rCBF is potentially available in many institutions, especially with the availability of multi-headed gamma cameras. The use of this technique in paediatrics requires special attention to detail in the manner of data acquisition and handling the child. The interpretation of the rCBF study in a child requires knowledge of normal brain maturation. The major clinical use in paediatrics is epilepsy because of the advances in surgery and the frequency of complex partial seizures. Other indications in paediatric neurology include brain death, acute neurological loss including stroke, language disorders, cerebral palsy, hypertension due to renovascular disease, traumatic brain injury and migraine. There are paediatric psychological conditions in which rCBF has been undertaken, these include anorexia nervosa, autism, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) and attention deficit disorder-hyperactivity (ADHD). Research using different ligands to specific receptor sites will also be reviewed in paediatrics.
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PMID:Cerebral imaging in paediatrics. 969 65

Conventional medical treatment for neurologic disorders such as epilepsy, migraine, and autism focuses on the brain. Although standard medical treatment is often helpful, the underlying causes of these disorders are not well understood. Furthermore, some individuals respond poorly or not at all to regular medicine. Evidence is accumulating in the medical literature that the enteric nervous system (ENS)-that part of the nervous system associated with the alimentary canal-also plays a role in these disorders. Historically, the concept of an autonomous abdominal nervous system was advocated by Byron Robinson, Johannis Langley, and Edgar Cayce. The work of these three prominent historical figures is considered along with modem view-points on the abdominal nervous system. Complementary therapies that address the nervous system of the abdomen have potential as useful adjuncts to conventional treatment for certain neurologic disorders.
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PMID:The abdominal brain and enteric nervous system. 1063 Mar 51

The ratio between the length of the 2nd and 4th digits is: (a) fixed in utero; (b) lower in men than in women; (c) negatively related to testosterone and sperm counts; and (d) positively related to oestrogen concentrations. Prenatal levels of testosterone and oestrogen have been implicated in infertility, autism, dyslexia, migraine, stammering, immune dysfunction, myocardial infarction and breast cancer. We suggest that 2D:4D ratio is predictive of these diseases and may be used in diagnosis, prognosis and in early life-style interventions which may delay the onset of disease or facilitate its early detection.
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PMID:The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a new predictor of disease predisposition? 1085 2

Prior studies have suggested a common etiology involved in Tourette's syndrome and several comorbid conditions and symptomatology. Reportedly, current medications used in Tourette's syndrome have intolerable side-effects or are ineffective for many patients. After thoroughly researching the literature, I hypothesize that magnesium deficiency may be the central precipitating event and common pathway for the subsequent biochemical effects on substance P, kynurenine, NMDA receptors, and vitamin B6 that may result in the symptomatology of Tourette's syndrome and several reported comorbid conditions. These comorbid conditions and symptomatology include allergy, asthma, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, coprolalia, copropraxia, anxiety, depression, restless leg syndrome, migraine, self-injurious behavior, autoimmunity, rage, bruxism, seizure, heart arrhythmia, heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli, and an exaggerated startle response. Common possible environmental and genetic factors are discussed, as well as biochemical mechanisms. Clinical studies to determine the medical efficacy for a comprehensive magnesium treatment option for Tourette's syndrome need to be conducted to make this relatively safe, low side-effect treatment option available to doctors and their patients.
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PMID:The central role of magnesium deficiency in Tourette's syndrome: causal relationships between magnesium deficiency, altered biochemical pathways and symptoms relating to Tourette's syndrome and several reported comorbid conditions. 1186 98

The human 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(1D) receptors are especially similar in sequence despite being encoded by two distinct genes. Although, human 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(1D) receptors have been pharmacologically differentiated using nonselective 5-HT(1B/D) receptor antagonists such as ketanserin (1), ritanserin (2) and methiothepin (3), the precise function of these receptors remains undefined, and progress toward this has been hampered by the lack of selective ligands. The interest of the major pharmaceutical companies in 5-HT(1B/1D) antagonists increased by the discovery of potent and selective tools, combined with the fact that the blockade of terminal 5-HT(1B) receptors by selective antagonists has been proposed as a new approach for more efficient and/or fast-acting antidepressant drugs, since the acute blockade of these 5-HT autoreceptors will, in theory, immediately mimic their desensitization. Furthermore, it has been also suggested that supersensitive 5-HT(1B/1D) receptors may be involved in the pathophysiology of obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD). In the 5-HT(1B/1D) agonist field, since the discovery of sumatriptan (26) (a 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist) as an effective treatment for migraine headache, intensive research in this area has led to several second-generation compounds, a few of which have either entered the market place or are in late clinical trials. Beside the antimigraine activity of the 5-HT(1B/1D) agonists in clinical evaluation or already on the market, other potential therapeutic evaluations (such as gastric motor effect, bipolar disorder, autism, anti-aggressive effects) with these drugs are being investigated. This article highlights and reviews the research advances published in the 5-HT(1B/1D) antagonist and agonist literature. The article is supplemented with selected references on the design, synthesis and development of novel 5-HT(1B/1D) agents, and on studies to understand their mechanism and pathophysiology. Emphasis is given to recent advances in the potential therapeutic applications of 5-HT(1B/1D) serotonergic agents. By no means has any attempt been made to exhaustively review the literature but rather, primary references along with citations to recent literature reviews have been included in each section.
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PMID:Recent advances in 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonists and agonists and their potential therapeutic applications. 1205 94


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