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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This case study describes in detail two autistic siblings who were mentioned in Rimland's analysis of checklists for psychotic children, as the only pair of classically early infantile autistic siblings (Rimland, 1971). One of the children, a nonverbal girl, now 13 years old, who developed epileptic seizures at age 41/2, shows all symptoms of early infantile autism even today. Her brother, now 24 years old, however, does not fit any of the known psychopathological patterns of childhood. The boy showed all symptoms of early infantile autism, but also some of the main characteristics of childhood schizophrenia and austic psychopathy. It is suggested that we are dealing perhaps with an unusual mixed type falling within a broad category of genetically determined types of autistic disorders.
J Autism Child Schizophr 1976 Mar
PMID:A pair of classically early infantile autistic siblings. 94

The case findings of thirty-three children given a diagnosis of psychosis during hospitalization in the '50s and '60s were reviewed and rediagnosed in 1973. Childhood schizophrenia was the original diagnosis in 58% of the cases but was the rediagnosis in only 18% of those same cases. Chronic brain syndrome with various reactions (psychotic reaction, nonpsychotic behavioral reaction, and mental retardation and autism) was the diagnosis in 27% of the cases, originally, but was given to 67% of the cases on rediagnosis. One-third of the children originally diagnosed as psychotic were rediagnosed as nonpsychotic. Approximately two-thirds of the children were nonpsychotic according to the DeMyer-Churchill guidelines.
J Autism Child Schizophr 1975 Sep
PMID:Changing diagnosis of childhood psychosis. 117 26

26 children with diagnoses of autism and 22 children with diagnoses of childhood schizophrenia or a variant thereof were compared on the variable of winter birth. Analyses showed that autistic children had a higher proportion of winter births than schizophrenic children. These findings are related to other research linking winter birth to negative-syndrome adult schizophrenia.
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PMID:Birth seasonality in developmentally disabled children. 276 62

Autism is a severe form of childhood psychopathology first described by Leo Kanner in 1943. While over the years there has been substantial controversy about many features of the syndrome, there is today some consensus as to the behavioral characteristics associated with the diagnosis. These include onset of the disorder in the early preschool years, severe and pervasive deficits in social behavior and attachments, deficits in speech and language, insistence for the preservation of sameness, unusual responsiveness to the sensory environment, self-stimulation, self-injurious behavior, isolated skill areas, and inappropriate affect. Another associated feature of many cases of autism is mental retardation. The present article describes these behavioral features as well as the application of the diagnosis and differentiation of autism from other disorders including primary mental retardation, childhood schizophrenia, developmental aphasia, and pervasive developmental disorder.
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PMID:Diagnostic features of autism. 305 87

Two hundred and twenty-eight cases of children with final clinical diagnoses of childhood psychosis were reviewed using a standard coding scheme; cases were grouped in three broad categories on the basis of clinical diagnosis (autistic, atypical and schizophreniform). These three groups differed significantly in many respects, although the 'atypical' group more closely resembled the autistic group. While it was possible meaningfully to differentiate diagnostic groups using DSM-III criteria, some cases were difficult to classify. Childhood schizophrenia, as strictly defined, was far less common than childhood autism. The development of diagnostic schemes for those children whose disorders are difficult to classify is an important topic for future research.
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PMID:Phenomenology and classification of the childhood psychoses. 336 38

Childhood schizophrenia versus childhood autism and the phenomenology, epidemiology, and premorbid characteristics of childhood schizophrenia are reviewed, as well as pregnancy and birth complications, electroencephalographic studies, biochemistry, and genetic factors of this disorder. Treatment considerations and follow-up studies are outlined.
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PMID:Childhood schizophrenia. A review and comparison with adult-onset schizophrenia. 387 10

European literature on childhood schizophrenia is divergent and vast. The topic itself is controversial and complex. The article reviews selected European literature on childhood schizophrenia and presents the most important trends of research from the literature. Extensive work has been devoted in tracing and defining the boundaries of childhood schizophrenia from infantile psychosis, autism, organic psychoses, and borderline states, and of mapping out the condition. The factor of development as an important variable when studying diagnostic criteria and the course of the condition was singled out by many researchers. The evidence from the research on etiological factors was also reviewed, and most authors seem to agree on a nature-nurture interaction model. The different treatment modalities and approaches are also presented and discussed. Finally, a proposal is made for comparative studies to be carried out that will cover course and followup.
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PMID:Schizophrenia in children: a review of European research. 396 23

102 children whose histories included a diagnosis of infantile autism or childhood schizophrenia were followed longitudinally to assess cognitive developmental trends. Despite some sample attrition, administration of a test battery of 5 language skill measures and 2 perception skill measures during 5 test periods over 4 years yielded 336 usable test batteries. After all tests had been administered, diagnosis of subjects for autism and schizophrenia using developmental histories and behavioral observations drawn at the time of first test-battery administration showed 111 test batteries on 33 children diagnosed as autistic, and 100 test batteries on 27 children diagnosed as schizophrenic. Comparisons of age and test score correlations, comparisons of cross-sequential means, and trends for means for diagnostic subgroups and normal controls suggest developmental delay for all skills at all ages for both autistic and schizophrenic children. Findings also suggest a trend for steady prepubertal cognitive skill development, followed by a postpubertal decline in skills for both diagnostic groups.
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PMID:Developmental trends in cognitive skills for children diagnosed as autistic and schizophrenic. 670 25

What we have tried to do in this paper is to question the universality of Infantile Autism as implied by the various definitions which have been provided. Our research of the literature has convinced us that infantile autism appears to be an illness of Western Civilization, and appears in countries of high technology, where the nuclear family dominates. We indicated that no research studies were located in the U.S.A. on Hispanics, in spite of their large number. Furthermore, it was found to be quite rare among Black families. We also saw that the illness seems to be quite infrequent in Latin American countries, Africa, and India, while the rate is high in Japan, but only in westernized families. Tinbergen (1974) likewise feels that infantile autism is "actually on the increase in a number of Western and westernized societies". Two major variables which are interconnected seem to be responsible for the confusion in the findings. One of them is the problem of diagnosis. It would seem that many researchers have extended the definition of infantile autism to include other seriously afflicted children, including those who are brain-damaged. This is no surprise, since such conflicts exist as Ritvo (1981) estimating that there are 300,000 autistic children in the U.S., while a report by the National Institute for Handicapped Research estimates the number of autistic children to be 71,000 (1981). Another aspect of the findings which has been contradictory is that some investigators have found that parents of autistic children tend to be of higher S.E.S., particularly in European studies, while some studies in the U.S.A. did not find such a difference among the parents of autistic and non-autistic children. We have provided some illustrations to indicate that studies which have found no differences were not dealing exclusively with autistic children as defined by Kanner, and often used childhood schizophrenia and autism interchangeably. Cantwell, Baker, and Rutter (1978) have pointed out that this persistent difference of superior S.E.S. of parents of autistic children is an embarrassing finding which is very hard to explain if one holds that the disease is organically determined. In conclusion to his review of the literature on the universality of adult schizophrenia, Torrey (1973) wrote the following: "Studies must be done soon or it will be too late to do them at all. But, until the universal prevalence of schizophrenia becomes an open question, this task is unlikely to be undertaken". The writer of this paper is of the same opinion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Is infantile autism a universal phenomenon? An open question. 674 21

Schizophrenic children admitted as inpatients to a child psychiatric unit over a 10-year period were reviewed in terms of demographic characteristics, clinical features, and social adaptation using the DSM-III as a frame of reference. Ten children who were first seen at least 1 year previously were followed up and reassessed as regards clinical status and level of adaptive functioning. As in other studies, outcome was related to age at onset, premorbid level of adaptation, rapidly of onset, clinical subtype, and presence of affective symptoms. However, deterioration following the active phase of the illness occurred in only four cases. The outcome in childhood schizophrenia may be more favorable than generally assumed, but there is a need for longer and larger studies of carefully diagnosed groups.
J Autism Dev Disord 1982 Dec
PMID:Schizophrenia in children under 16 years. 716 Dec 36


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