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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The fragile X syndrome is one of the main etiologies of mental retardation in human beings. Some of its specific cognitive and language disturbances are nowadays well known. Disturbances of behavior are frequent. They are akin to psychotic manifestations and are mainly described in terms of autistic syndromes. The question of the possible links between autism and the fragile X syndrome is being discussed since 1980. The authors give a synthetic and critic overview of the studies reporting on the frequency of co-occurrence of these syndromes and offer some reflexion on the true questions at stakes in the debate. They emphasize the determining role of future clinical research in autism in order to objectively contribute to the progression of knowledge in this field.
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PMID:[Cognitive disorders and psychiatric manifestations in the fragile X syndrome. Autism and fragile X]. 836 20

Our understanding of neuropsychiatric abnormalities in patients with deletions of the long arm of chromosome 18 (18q- syndrome) is based mainly on sporadic case reports. We characterized the neuropsychiatric phenotype in 27 patients across a wide age range (2-47 years) with breakpoints ranging from 18q22.3-18q21.2. Adaptive behavior scores (Vineland Composite) were significantly higher in females than in males (62 +/- 5 vs. 43 +/- 3). Intelligence ranged from borderline to severely deficient (IQ, 73- < 40), with academic achievement similarly impaired. Performance in specific neuropsychological functions, including attention, novel problem solving, memory, language, visuomotor integration, and fine motor dexterity, was consistently in the moderately-to-severely impaired range. Behavioral problems were common in both sexes, including aggressivity, hyperactivity, and temper tantrums. Contrary to the few previous reports, we found no evidence of psychosis in any patients. In a subset of patients selected on the basis of no prior knowledge of behavioral problems, 1 of 16 patients (6%) had autism, as defined by the Autistic Diagnostic Interview--Revised (ADI-R) [Lord et al., 1994: J Autism Dev Disord 24:659-685]. Thus, the prevalence of autism in 18q- syndrome is probably no greater than that in other developmental disabilities with a similar level of cognitive impairment. In contrast to what has been believed since 18q- was first described 30 years ago, we found no relationship between chromosome deletion size and any measure of cognition or behavior; nor were there any correlations between any of these measures with the presence or absence of abnormalities on MRI or somatosensory-evoked potentials.
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PMID:Neuropsychiatry of 18q- syndrome. 872 44

Natural history of infantile autism goes from its first description to current classifications. Most authors agree upon the perfect character of Kanner's description in 1943. But its situation in the nosography has much developed. The parution of 4th edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM IV) bring us to analyse this evolution and the place of autistic disorders in the pervasive developmental disorders, with this of associated pathologies. The comparison of current classifications (DSM IV, ICD 10, CFTMEA) allows us to do correspondence between each diagnostic category in psychosis or developmental disorders of these classifications. It exists a real concordance between DSM IV and ICD 10. The french classification of child and adolescent mental disorders (CFTMEA) proposes original categories.
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PMID:[Natural history of infantile autism (nosography)]. 917 65

Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral strategies and a broad range of group, family, couples, and milieu treatment approaches have been developed for the psychotherapy of aggressive and violent patients. These methods have been carried out in diverse settings ranging from hospitals and prisons to individual outpatient practices and have been applied across diverse populations including adults with mental retardation, dementia, and brain injury; children with attention deficit and conduct disorders and autism; recurrent violent offenders with antisocial personality disorder; and individuals with chronic psychotic disorders, mood disorders, or medical illnesses such as hypertension. Bridging these different strategies are the underlying principles of psychotherapy with aggressive and violent patients. These include ensuring the safety of clinician, patient, and potential victims as the foremost concern; developing a finely detailed assessment of aggressive and violent acts and of the antecedents, assumptions, and consequences that are attached to them; formulating well-defined goals and striving for clear communication to achieve consistency in the pursuit of these goals between therapist and patient, and among therapist and other clinicians, staff, and relevant family members or agencies; specifying ahead of time well-considered outcome measures to be used to gauge the effectiveness of treatment; and maintaining a healthy vigilance for countertransferential and similar reactions and a willingness to use consultation as an integral part of treatment.
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PMID:Psychotherapeutic approaches to aggressive and violent patients. 919 24

Researchers presented results of ongoing research to the X-chromosome workshop of the Fifth World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics, covering a wide range of disorders: X-linked infantile spasms; a complex phenotype associated with deletions of Xp11; male homosexuality; degree of handedness; bipolar affective disorder; schizophrenia; childhood onset psychosis; and autism. This report summarizes the presentations, as well as reviewing previous studies. The focus of this report is on linkage findings for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder from a number of groups. For schizophrenia, low positive lod scores were obtained for markers DXS991 and DXS993 from two studies, although the sharing of alleles was greatest from brother-brother pairs in one study, and sister-sister in the other. Data from the Irish schizophrenia study was also submitted, with no strong evidence for linkage on the X chromosome. For bipolar disease, following the report of a Finnish family linked to Xq24-q27, the Columbia group reported some positive results for this region from 57 families, however, another group found no evidence for linkage to this region. Of interest, is the clustering of low positive linkage results that point to regions for possible further study.
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PMID:X-chromosome workshop. 968 35

A survey was conducted on the present behavioral characteristics of 187 cases of adult autism in patients over 18 years of age employing Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). When their behavioral characteristics were evaluated in relation to Present Language Developmental Level (PLDL) and Present Adaptive Level (PAL), it was seen that greater variation in behavior characteristics was seen among those exhibiting increasingly lower PLDL and PAL scores. Behavior characteristics reminiscent of depression were noted even among those exhibiting high PLDL. Behavior pointing to obsession was found in common among almost all cases of autism irrespective of PLDL or PAL. Psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions were absent in most cases. The results of the present study were indicative not only of the significance of obsessive behavior in autism, but also its significance in terms of delving further into the psychopathology of the disorder.
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PMID:Behavioral characteristics of 187 young adults with autism. 976 85

The Mini PAS-ADD is an assessment schedule for psychiatric disorders in people with an intellectual disability. It is designed to provide a link between the mental health expertise of psychiatrists and psychologists, and the detailed knowledge of individual service users possessed by support staff. In broad terms, the aim of the Mini PAS-ADD is to enable non-psychiatrists accurately to recognize clinically significant psychiatric disorders in the people who they care for, so that they can make informed referral decisions. The instrument comprises 86 psychiatric symptoms and generates a series of subscores on: depression, anxiety and phobias, mania, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychosis, unspecified disorder (including dementia), and pervasive developmental disorder (autism). The present paper reports the results of a study investigating internal consistency, inter-rater agreement and validity in relation to clinical opinion, using a sample of 68 people with intellectual disability who were in contact with psychiatric services. In terms of the instrument fulfilling its main intended function, i.e. accurate case recognition, the crucial question was whether the support workers, with their lesser knowledge of psychopathology, were also able to correctly identify cases identified by expert clinicians. The validity results in this respect (81% agreement on case recognition) were sufficiently good that it is to be anticipated that the Mini PAS-ADD should have a significant impact on the identification of psychiatric disorders in the community of people with intellectual disability.
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PMID:Reliability and validity of the Mini PAS-ADD for assessing psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability. 978 40

Neuropsychiatric diseases viewed as multifaceted expression of a dysfunctional brain in which atypical responses are evoked by various sensory inputs. Disease entities have traditionally been classified according to the predominant manifestation ( ) without regard to the overlapping features of many of the diseases (+/-). Thus, mild to moderate pain, mood, cognitive, and neurosomatic symptoms are frequently present in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is listed as an example of a predominantly chronic pain syndrome. Affect (mood) disorders include depression (Depress.), anxiety, panic reactions, blunted affect, mania, etc. Schizophrenia (Schizo.) is listed as an example of a major cognitive psychosis. Autism as well as various forms of dementia would be included in this category. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is an example of a neurosomatic disease.
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PMID:Stealth viruses as neuropathogens. 1015 Jan 89

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of the selective 5-HT2A antagonist M100907 in different psychosis models. The classical neuroleptic haloperidol was used as reference compound. Two hyperdopaminergia and two hypoglutamatergia mouse models were used. Hyperdopaminergia was produced by the DA releaser d-amphetamine or the DA uptake inhibitor GBR 12909. Hypoglutamatergia was produced by the un-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 or the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist D-CPPene. M100907 was found to counteract the locomotor stimulant effects of the NMDA receptor antagonists MK-801 and D-CPPene, but spontaneous locomotion, d-amphetamine- and GBR-12909-induced hyperactivity were not significantly affected. Haloperidol, on the other hand, antagonized both NMDA antagonist- and DA agonist-induced hyperactivity, as well as spontaneous locomotion in the highest dose used. Based on the present and previous results we draw the conclusion that 5-HT2A receptor antagonists are particularly effective against behavioural anomalies resulting from hypoglutamatergia of various origins. The clinical implications of our results and conclusions would be that a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, due to i a the low side effect liability, could be the preferable treatment strategy in various disorders associated with hypoglutamatergia; such conditions might include schizophrenia, childhood autism and dementia disorders.
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PMID:The 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 is more effective in counteracting NMDA antagonist- than dopamine agonist-induced hyperactivity in mice. 1022 32

This report describes linkage data presented at the Workshop on Chromosomes 11, 14, and 15 at the Sixth World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics in Bonn, Germany, together with relevant linkage data submitted to the chair and co-chair, and it is presented in the context of the previous literature concerning these chromosomes. We have attempted to collate current linkage data to provide a guide to potentially interesting findings on chromosomes 11, 14, and 15 for the phenotypes of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism, autism, and spelling and reading disability. We discuss methodological limitations and provide chromosome ideograms and tables summarizing findings to date. The most promising region currently appears to be 15q13-q15 in the region of the alpha 7 nicotinic receptor for the phenotype of schizophrenia (and, perhaps, more generally for functional psychosis). Additionally, 15q11-q13 in the region of GABRB3 holds interest as a potential site of a susceptibility gene for autism. Two regions on chromosome 11, 11p15 in the region of tyrosine hydroxylase gene and 11q22-q23 in the region of DRD2, continue to retain some interest for functional psychosis.
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PMID:Chromosome Workshop: chromosomes 11, 14, and 15. 1037 39


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