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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Controlled investigations on the psychopharmacological treatment of psychotic children are reviewed. Children with infantile autism might benefit from psychopharmacological medication when they grow older, e.g. above the age of 7 years. Learning might be facilitated when the psychoactive medication is able to inhibit psychotic preoccupations and idiosyncratic reactions. Schizophrenic and manic-depressive psychoses are rarely seen in childhood. A subgroup of the children with infantile autism might develop schizophrenic symptoms. Schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis in children are treated as in adults. Special caution must be paid to the toxic effects of imipramine.
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PMID:Psychopharmacological treatment of psychotic children. A survey. 3 38

Fifty infants and young preschool children seen in a pediatric developmental service and diagnosed as having "autism" all had evidence of organic disease of the brain and three fourths had mental deficiency of varying degrees. They did not differ in any respect from a comparison group of patients with central nervous system dysfunction unassociated with the symptom complex of autism. Both groups of patients had a high incidence of low birthweight, complications of pregnancy and the neonatal period, seizure disorders, and a variety of specific disease entities associated with developmental defects. Follow-up of 40 of the 45 survivors for a mean of five years showed that none of the patients had had treatment directed to their psychotic symptoms. However, three fourths had established social responses appropriate to their level of function; those who did not generally were over 3 years of age at the time of their first examination or had initial DQs of 35 or less. The degree of mental deficiency was as great or greater at follow-up than it was initially.
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PMID:Some etiologic and prognostic factors in early infantile autism and psychosis. 4 57

Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels were studied in individuals: 40 psychotic children suffering from childhood autism, atypical personality development, and childhood schizophrenia; five children with childhood aphasia; 22 children with severe personality disorders; 29 normal children and normal siblings of psychotic children; and 14 normal parents of psychotic children. Creatine phosphokinase levels from the entire population of adults and children were normally disturbed, and the mean CPK levels for the eight diagnostic groups were within normal limits. Those 22 children with personality disorders had significantly higher CPK levels than the other diagnostic groups. This relatively higher level of CPK may be related to vulnerability to later development of schizophrenic spectrum disorders. There was no apparent relationship between CPK levels and motor activity, nor was there any change in the level of CPK during a trial of psychoactive medication. Creatine phosphokinase levels remained relatively stable on test-retest determination.
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PMID:Creatine phosphokinase levels in children with severe developmental disturbances. 5 82

Previous research suggests that verbal deficits among psychotic children may be paralleled by deficits in nonverbal pantomime. However, certain questions such as the level of pantomime exhibited by psychotic children, its susceptibility to modification, and its relation to other symbolic functions have not been systematically examined. To investigate these issues, 24 psychotic children were required to represent absent objects (e.g., toothbrush) via pantomime after receiving verbal instructions or instructions accompanied by a model demonstrating the pantomime. Also, measures of receptive and expressive speech, human figure drawings, and pretend play were obtained. The findings indicated very few complete failures in pantomime; higher pantomime performance when a model was provided although even in this condition most responses consisted of low-level substitutions of a body part in place of the absent object; and significant relationships between pantomime and measures of receptive vocabulary, echolalia, drawing, and play. The relationship of the findings to symbolic functioning in normal children and their relevance to understanding symbolic deficits in psychotic children are discussed.
J Autism Child Schizophr 1978 Jun
PMID:Pantomimic representation in psychotic children. 7 26

The evolution of the normalization principle is described. Whereas the principle initially advocated normalizing individual lives and routines, it presently is being applied to entire human service delivery systems. The need for more data supporting proposals to normalize human service systems is discussed, as well as some disadvantages in applying this approach with psychotic children. It is concluded that a wide range of treatment options for psychotic children is needed and that these options should be evaluated based on their effectiveness with individual children.
J Autism Child Schizophr 1976 Dec
PMID:Implications of the normalization principle for psychotic children. 13 26

A previous report suggested that plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) is elevated in childhood autism. We measured plasma DBH in 15 Children with functional psychosis and in 10 psychotic children with known organic etiology. DBH activity was significantly elevated in the children with functional psychoses and showed a significant correlation with age that is not reported for this age range in normals. It is possible that children with functional psychoses show an abnormal continuation of the rise in plasma DBH activity characteristic of infancy. No differences between children with functional psychoses and children with organic psychoses were found for red blood cell catechol-O-methyl-transferase, plasma monoamine oxidase, or plasma cyclic AMP.
J Autism Child Schizophr 1978 Sep
PMID:Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in childhood psychosis. 21 Nov 13

The historical background and early contributions of the Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital, the first psychiatric hospital for children in the United States, are described. The focus of this report is on the incorporation of the treatment modality of behavior modification into this traditional psychoanalytically oriented program. Beginning with exploratory studies in the mid-1960s, in recent years within the residential center there has been a separate Autistic Unit, in which the major treatment strategy is consistent application of behavior modification principles and programs. Changes that have occurred in the course of developing the behavior modification program are discussed to show some of the positive and negative aspects of introducing such a radical change into a traditional setting. Case studies are included to reveal both the failures and the successes that have been encountered in treating psychotic children with either psychotherapy or behavior therapy. Description of the current status of the program shows that treatment is comprehensive, including psychodynamic and behavioral approaches, medication when warranted, and special education. The role of parents in the program is now very different from that ascribed to them in traditional psychoanalytically guided treatment.
J Autism Child Schizophr 1977 Sep
PMID:Integration of a behavior modification program into a traditionally oriented residential treatment center for children. 33 85

A study of the historical development of nosological conceptions of schizophrenia of children in parallel with the development of pedopsychiatry shows that these conceptions closely follow the lines of adult psychiatry. The description of psychosis-like conditions such as infantile dementia and autism also did not yet lead to a fundamental change in pathogenetic conceptions. There is then described the heuristic approach to considering schizophrenia of children and schizophrenia-like pictures of childhood as a disturbance of adaptation to reality, the development of which can be due to dispositional factors, minimal cerebral lesions acquired in early childhood, and environmental conditions in the sense of a constellatory genesis.
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PMID:[Development of nosological conceptions of child psychoses]. 35 60

Six cases of childhood psychosis in children 3 to 5 years of age are summarized in order to alert clinicians to include this clinical entity in the differential diagnosis of children with major developmental difficulties. They represent children treated in a day, nonresidential treatment facility in a suburb of New York City. These cases suggest that we reexamine the prevalent interest in a bipolar distribution of childhood psychosis that focuses on children whose psychosis occurs under 3 and over 5 years of age. Children with psychosis occurring between 3 and 5 are currently described as essentially rare, and are characterized by a path of massive deterioration. Our cases indicate that we should be alert to the phenomenon of young children with psychosis appearing at the preschool age, and in whom the course of illness is in a more positive direction.
J Autism Dev Disord 1979 Sep
PMID:Childhood psychosis in the preschool child. 48 13

Folk concepts for mental disorder were studied among rural Lao people. While predominatly inferring etiology (e.g. spirit-caused disorder), certain terms also emphasized particular descriptive psychopathology or behavioral abnormality. Preventive strategies were stressed for insanity due to "excessive worry' or "broken taboo'. These broad folk categories of disorder bore considerable similarity to some psychiatric and neurologic categories within medicine. These includes psychosis, mania, neurosis, organic brain syndrome, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and childhood autism. Lao folk terms for mental disorder also closely resembled those of other southern Asian cultures, although illiterate tribal peoples appeared to have fewer terms than literate peasant peoples. Folk terms from more distant regions had broad similarity to those of southeast Asia, but lacked the specificity found within the region.
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PMID:Folk concepts of mental disorder among the Lao: continuities with similar concepts in other cultures and in psychiatry. 52 21


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