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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Play behaviors and motor imitation skills of 91 children between the ages of 3 and 6 years were investigated to determine their utility in distinguishing autism from mental retardation and other communication disorders. The performance of 22 autistic children was compared with that of 15 mentally retarded, 15 hearing-impaired, 19 language-impaired, and 20 non-handicapped children. Play behaviors were assessed using structured observations of free-play activities, and imitation skills were measured using a set of 12 individually administered tasks. The autistic group spent less total time interacting with toys and using toys appropriately, engaged in fewer functional play acts, and obtained lower imitation scores compared with all other groups. Discriminant function analysis revealed that the latter three variables discriminated the autistic children from the nonautistic handicapped children, with motor imitation emerging as the most important differentiating measure. These results suggest that measuring play and imitation skills may be useful in the clinical diagnosis of autism.
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PMID:Play and imitation skills in the diagnosis of autism in young children. 237 Nov 1

A review is presented of the diagnosis and drug treatment of the more common psychiatric and developmental disorders in the pediatric population. Where applicable, DSM III (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders, III) criteria are utilized to describe the behavioral syndromes. The indications for usage and appropriate dosages of antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, stimulants, and lithium are described. Those disorders discussed are attention deficit disorder, conduct disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, schizophrenia, autism, Tourette's syndrome, mental retardation, depressive illness, manic depressive illness, eating disorders, and enuresis.
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PMID:Pharmacologic treatment of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents (Part 1). 241 73

This paper presents a summary and critical review of the DSM-III diagnostic system for childhood psychiatric disorders with particular reference to developmental disorders. The rational for a multiaxial system, explicit diagnostic criteria, and a phenomenological approach are outlined. Criteria for mental retardation, infantile autism, and specific developmental disorders are reviewed. While this system is an advance over previous schemes many problems are also evident. These include a lack of specificity of the criteria, inconsistencies in criteria, and placement on the axes of mental disorders.
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PMID:A critical review of DSM-III in the developmental disorder of childhood. 243 Jan 29

This paper reports a detailed comparison of two groups of children from the same psychiatric clinic, one with a delay in language development and an age- and sex-matched control group with no such delay. The language-delay group was highly likely to have either a diagnosis of mental retardation or infantile autism. Very few psychiatric symptoms occurred more frequently in the language-delay group than in the comparison group, and those that did were characteristic of retarded or autistic children. The language-delay group was more likely to have other developmental abnormalities, hearing impairment, and evidence of central nervous system dysfunction.
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PMID:Psychiatric symptomatology in language-impaired children: a comparison. 243 66

In this paper, a rare neurological disorder seen exclusively in girls is described. According to its progress and clinical behaviour, a syndrome resembles autism. The disease was reported in 1966 by A. Rett from Vienna. The syndrome often remains unrecognized because of its low incidence or is mistaken for autism, mental retardation and cerebral paralysis. The table of differential diagnosis of this disease in relation to autism is given. We report on a 5-year-old girl from Zrenjanin who was admitted to the Division for Autism, Psychiatric Hospital Jankomir, Zagreb. The diagnosis of Rett's syndrome was established in this patient whose initial description documented autism. The medications have shown to be without effect, except anticonvulsive drugs and ketogenic diet. Physical, occupational and musical therapy as well as hydrotherapy were applied.
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PMID:[Rett's syndrome--differential diagnosis of autism in a case report]. 263 9

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Adolescent and Adult Psychoeducational Profile (AAPEP), an assessment instrument designed for adolescents and adults with severe developmental handicaps. Subjects were 60 adolescents and adults, 30 with autism and 30 with mental retardation but without autism. The groups were matched on age and IQ. Results suggested high interrater reliability on all function areas of the AAPEP (Vocational Skills, Independent Functioning, Leisure Skills, Vocational Behavior, Functional Communication, Interpersonal Behavior) and on all three scales (Direct Observation, Home, School/Work). Validity measures suggested that the recommendations generated from the AAPEP were viewed by blind experts as more helpful than those already generated for the individual clients and contained in their Individual Education Programs (IEPs) or Individual Habilitation Plans (IHPs). Informal measures indicated that parents and/or group home staff also found AAPEP recommendations helpful. Finally, reliability and validity measures were also encouraging for moderately and severely handicapped adolescents and adults without autism. The AAPEP appears to be an effective new instrument for those working with older handicapped clients.
J Autism Dev Disord 1989 Mar
PMID:The Adolescent and Adult Psychoeducational Profile: assessment of adolescents and adults with severe developmental handicaps. 270 2

The diagnosis of behavioral and cognitive disorders in preschool children is difficult. Infantile austism is more likely to be diagnosed than is mental retardation. Yet most children with infantile autism are also mentally retarded, and many of those with severe and profound mental retardation show autistic behavior. Factors misleading professionals into overlooking mental retardation when assessing preschool children were discussed, and essential components in the management of preschool children with behavioral, developmental, or cognitive deviations were examined.
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PMID:Misleading cues in the diagnosis of mental retardation and infantile autism in the preschool child. 271 15

Under the pathological conditions, the VEP may show changes in amplitude, latency, or waveform in one or more of its components. The major advantage of the pattern reversal VEP over the flash VEP lies in smaller variability in the waveform and latency of its components in the healthy population. The flash VEP is, however, particularly useful to infants and newborns. The variation in the waveform of the flash VEP was evaluated, and Type V was abnormal waveform. Subsequently, patients with various CNS diseases were examined. Acute hemiplegic patients showed high amplitude or increased latency patterns. In 45 percent of the West syndrome cases, VEP showed abnormal responses. The patients with asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome and mental retardation showed increased latency. Latency was decreased in hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia of newborns, and it was increased or decreased in autism and epilepsy. In our study, it was concluded that the rhythmic after-discharge is a true response. This assumption is supported by the following observations: (1) the after-discharge of VEP appeared before the occurrence of the alpha-wave in EEG; (2) the frequency of the after-discharge was generally higher than that in EEG; and (3) the frequency of the after-discharge did not change between the conditions of the resting state and hyperventilation. There was no after-discharge in VEP in patients with a history of encephalitis even when their IQs were normal, and the latency was increased in pattern reversal VEP.
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PMID:[Visual evoked potential]. 271 54

The cause of autism is unknown. Recently, it has been suggested that it involves metabolic disorders of serotonin and/or dopamine. On the other hand, there is a close relationship between hormone secretion and monoamines. The aim of this study was to analyze the secretion of GH, PRL, TSH, cortisol, LH and FSH. The subjects were 30 children with autism, 25 males and 5 females, aged from 1 10/12 to 9 10/12 years. Their IQs (DQs) ranged from 34 to 123. Pituitary hormone secretion was measured during provocation with insulin (0.1 unit/kg), TRH (10 micrograms/kg) and/or LH-RH (100 micrograms/m2) in 26 of 30 cases. Control subjects included 16 age-matched children with attention deficit disorder (ADD) and 18 age-matched children with mental retardation (MR) without autistic and organic central nervous diseases. The 24-hour secretion rhythm of GH, PRL and cortisol for 14 cases with autism and of LH and FSH for 9 cases was also investigated. In insulin provocation test, the peak values of GH and delta GH (peak GH level minus baseline GH level) in ADD were significantly higher than those in MR (p less than 0.05). In TRH provocation test, the peak values of TSH and delta TSH in autism were significantly lower than those in MR. Five cases of autistic children revealed borderline responses for TSH, while the only one each of ADDs and MRs revealed borderline responses for TSH. In a study of the 24-hour hormone secretion rhythm, eleven of the 14 autistic children showed an abnormal secretion rhythm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Neuroendocrinologic studies on autism]. 271 59

Autism is a range of serious biologically determined pervasive developmental disorders, which may co-exist with other problems such as mental retardation and epilepsy. The children have perceptual cognitive, communication, and social deficits, which change over time. Treatments that most facilitate improvement and social adjustment rely on behavioural, educational and cognitive approaches.
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PMID:Autism. 273 59


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