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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A prospective study was made of 200 consecutive children to evaluate the usefulness in the diagnosis of infantile autism of the behavioral scale reported by Clancy and coworkers in 1969. On this scale seven or more of 14 behavioral manifestations must be present before a diagnosis of autism can be made. Using this scale alone, 48 of the 200 children studied were "scale positive", i.e. could be considered autistic. However, further study of this group showed that only one child fulfilled the classical criteria of Kanner (1943) for a diagnosis of early infantile autism. Scale "positivity" was found to correlate with mental retardation and to be associated with other developmental defects, especially learning disorders and hearing loss.
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PMID:Infantile autism. I: A prospective study of the diagnosis. 4 4

The concept of developmental disabilities as a group of problems with origins in the stages of human development has been broadened by recent legislation to include mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, autism, dyslexia, and other neurological impairments. The debate continues on whether or not specific disability categories should be named, but the functional aspects of the problems seem to be generally accepted. Potential implications of this legislation for occupational therapy are discussed in this paper. Numerous programs supported by a variety of governmental units and private agencies will need qualified professionals. This paper concludes with a brief list of six developmental disability programs of the University of Michigan University Affiliated Facility and an outline of three models of field placement in developmental disabilities for occupational therapy students.
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PMID:Developmental disabilities. 7 85

The two children of an epileptic woman who underwent therapy with hydantoin during both pregnancies showed the characteristic findings of the fetal hydantoin syndrome: growth retardation, microcephaly, mental retardation, and a distinct hysmorphic pattern. Both exhibited a ridged metopic suture, hypertelorism, a short nose with a broad base, hypoplasia of the distal phalanges and nails of the toes, and inguinal hernias. In addition the 18-month-old girl exhibited epicanthal folds, strabismus, ptosis, and a small ventricular septal defect; she had been exposed in utero to 300 mg mesantoin daily. Her 6 1/2-year-old brother was more severely retarded, lacking speech and presenting with infantile autism. During pregnancy the mother had taken 400 mg mesantoin daily. About half of the offspring of epileptic women treated with hydantoin during pregnancy are mentally retarded, and 11% exhibit in addition the pattern of dysmorphic findings known as the fetal hydantoin syndrome. Hydantoin should therefore be strictly avoided in epileptic women of child-bearing age unless safe contraceptive measures are taken. In the event of pregnancy, therapeutic abortion should be considered if hydantoin therapy must be maintained.
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PMID:[Fetal hydantoin syndrome in siblings]. 10 83

Comparison of the properties of blood platelets and serotonergic synaptosomes suggests that the human platelet can serve as an appropriate model for the transport, metabolism, and release of serotonin (5-HT) by CNS serotonergic neurons. The study of blood 5-HT levels and platelet 5-HT pharmacodynamics in patients with a variety of psychiatric and neurologic disorders has generated interesting leads into possible abnormalities of CNS 5-HT neurons in these patients. This article reviews the experimental evidence, which uses the human platelet model to investigate neurotransmitter-related abnormalities in Down syndrome, mental retardation, infantile autism, hyperactivity syndromes (minimal brain dysfunction), schizophrenia, affective disorders, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Parkinson disease, Huntington chorea, and migraine headaches.
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PMID:The human platelet. A diagnostic and research tool for the study of biogenic amines in psychiatric and neurologic disorders. 14 Jun 32

The prevalence, in children aged under 15, of severe impairments of social interaction, language abnormalities, and repetitive stereotyped behaviors was investigated in an area of London. A "socially impaired" group (more than half of whom were severely retarded) and a comparison group of "sociable severely mentally retarded" children were identified. Mutism or echolalia, and repetitive stereotyped behaviors were found in almost all the socially impaired children, but to a less marked extent in a minority of the sociable severely retarded. Certain organic conditions were found more often in the socially impaired group. A subgroup with a history of Kanner's early childhood autism could be identified reliably but shared many abnormalities with other socially impaired children. The relationships between mental retardation, typical autism, and other conditions involving social impairment were discussed, and a system of classification based on quality of social interaction was considered.
J Autism Dev Disord 1979 Mar
PMID:Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiology and classification. 15 84

There is increasing recognition that autism is a syndrome, not a disease entity. But it is not yet clear why some children develop autistic behavior more easily than others. It has been noted that autistic symptoms occur more frequently in children with mental retardation, blindness, congenital rubella, phenylketonuria, etc., and that there are very few cases of classical infantile autism in the general population. Very rarely has autism been associated with Down's syndrome. This is a report of a case of Down's syndrome and infantile autism.
J Autism Dev Disord 1979 Mar
PMID:A case of infantile autism associated with Down's syndrome. 15 85

A total of 600 handicapped patients had dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia during an eight-year period. Handicaps included mental retardation, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, seizure disorders, autism, cystic fibrosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and muscular dystrophy. No significant complications developed in the majority of patients. This is attributed to thorough preoperative evaluation, appropriate anesthetic management, and vigilant postoperative observation.
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PMID:Complications related to the administration of general anesthesia in 600 developmentally disabled dental patients. 15 47

In a patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome we found decreased spinal fluid 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), the major metabolite of serotonin, and decreased homovanillic acid (HVA), the major metabolite of dopamine, indicating a decrease in monoamine metabolism. Administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa produced an increase in spinal fluid 5-HIAA, indicating that it might be possible to correct the serotonin deficiency in this syndrome, but there were no changes in the marked mental retardation and neurological deficits. Self-mutilation appeared to be suppressed by therapy but the effectiveness of the drugs decreased with time. There were also changes in the spinal fluid concentration of amino acids that might affect brain protein synthesis. These changes were corrected during administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa.
J Autism Dev Disord 1979 Mar
PMID:Effects of L-5-hydroxytryptophan on monoamine and amino acids turnover in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. 31 82

It is argued that the general learning difficulties exhibited by mentally retarded persons are similar in many respects to the learning difficulties of nonretarded persons who are in a state of learned helplessness (Seligman, 1975) or who are external in locus of control orientation. It is suggested that studies of locus of control and learned helplessness as theoretical constructs both directly concern the perceiving of relationships between behavior and outcomes, and that a systematic investigation of perception of contingency might increase our understanding of some of the learning difficulties of mentally retarded persons. An overview is given of the results of the few studies that have addressed perception of contingency and mental retardation, and suggestions for future research are offered.
J Autism Dev Disord 1979 Sep
PMID:Perception of contingency and mental retardation. 48 12

Folk concepts for mental disorder were studied among rural Lao people. While predominatly inferring etiology (e.g. spirit-caused disorder), certain terms also emphasized particular descriptive psychopathology or behavioral abnormality. Preventive strategies were stressed for insanity due to "excessive worry' or "broken taboo'. These broad folk categories of disorder bore considerable similarity to some psychiatric and neurologic categories within medicine. These includes psychosis, mania, neurosis, organic brain syndrome, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and childhood autism. Lao folk terms for mental disorder also closely resembled those of other southern Asian cultures, although illiterate tribal peoples appeared to have fewer terms than literate peasant peoples. Folk terms from more distant regions had broad similarity to those of southeast Asia, but lacked the specificity found within the region.
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PMID:Folk concepts of mental disorder among the Lao: continuities with similar concepts in other cultures and in psychiatry. 52 21


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