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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Descriptions of various psychotic symptoms in children began to appear in the psychiatric literature at about the same time as descriptions of psychotic symptoms in adults. For example, Kraepelin estimated that at least 3.5 percent of his cases of dementia praecox had onsets before age 10. The construct of "childhood schizophrenia" initially emerged from attempts to classify a broad range of psychotic children. By the late 1940s and 1950s, the diagnosis of "childhood schizophrenia" was given to many disturbed children who today would be considered to have infantile autism and other developmental disabilities. In the early 1970s infantile autism and its variants was differentiated from schizophrenia of childhood onset. These changes were incorporated in DSM-III, which returned to the practice before 1930 of diagnosing schizophrenia in children using the same criteria as for adults, with minor allowances for differences in the manifestations of these symptoms during childhood. The studies presented in this issue of Schizophrenia Bulletin use DSM-III, DSM-III-R, or ICD-9 criteria for schizophrenia.
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PMID:Childhood-onset schizophrenia: editors' introduction. 770 Dec 70

Although autism can occur in conjunction with a range of other conditions, the association with Down syndrome is generally considered to be relatively rare. Four young boys with Down syndrome are described who were also autistic. All children clearly fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for autism required by the ICD-10 or DSM-III-R, but in each case the parents had faced considerable difficulties in obtaining this diagnosis. Instead, the children's problems had been attributed to their cognitive delays, despite the fact that their behaviour and general progress differed from other children with Down syndrome in many important aspects. The implications, for both families and children, of the failure to diagnose autism when it co-occurs with other conditions such as Down syndrome are discussed. Some speculations about possible pathological associations are also presented.
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PMID:The recognition of autism in children with Down syndrome--implications for intervention and some speculations about pathology. 776 40

Describes the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), a revision of the Autism Diagnostic Interview, a semistructured, investigator-based interview for caregivers of children and adults for whom autism or pervasive developmental disorders is a possible diagnosis. The revised interview has been reorganized, shortened, modified to be appropriate for children with mental ages from about 18 months into adulthood and linked to ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria. Psychometric data are presented for a sample of preschool children.
J Autism Dev Disord 1994 Oct
PMID:Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. 781 13

Although Asperger syndrome (AS) has been included in the ICD-10 as a distinct category within the pervasive developmental disorders, it is still unclear to what extent it differs from normal-intelligence autism (high-functioning autism; HFA). Persons with AS are said to be particularly clumsy. To test the hypothesis that clumsiness can reliably distinguish AS from autism, the present authors compared 11 patients with AS (ICD-10; 10 males; mean age, 13.6 years; mean IQ, 98) with nine patients with HFA (ICD-10/DSM-III-R; eight males; mean age, 12.9 years; mean IQ, 84). Clumsiness was assessed by the Bruininks-Oseretsky test. Both groups showed problems with coordination and the distribution of standard scores was virtually identical. This suggests that motor clumsiness, as measured by tests of coordination, may not reliably distinguish AS from HFA. However, qualitative differences may occur between the two groups in the manner in which movements are performed. Further research with larger samples may elicit differences into the pattern of motor deficits that occur in autism and AS.
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PMID:Is clumsiness a marker for Asperger syndrome? 784 89

Asperger's syndrome (AS) is a new diagnosis in the 10th edition of International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). AS is closely related to infantile autism and belongs to the so-called pervasive developmental disorders. The characteristics of the disorder are qualitative abnormalities in reciprocal social interaction, restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour and interests and often motor clumsiness and problems with nonverbal and social aspects of communication. The sex ratio is about eight boys to one girl and the prevalence among schoolage boys is about 0.3%. The abnormalities normally persist into adulthood. Early diagnosis and a combination of social, educational and psychiatric interventions are necessary to relieve the stress on the person with AS and his family. Differential diagnoses and assessment are discussed.
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PMID:[Asperger syndrome. A new diagnosis in the international classification of diseases]. 800 12

The core clinical feature of autism is a profound disturbance in the emergence of social relations, apparent as early as the very first months of life and almost always by age three years. Many different theories have been proposed to explain this dramatic developmental dysfunction, including cognitive, linguistic, arousal and, most recently, "theory of mind" hypotheses. There is great heterogeneity among autistic individuals and no single explanation captures all the clinical phenomena. Because of the divergent theories and their associated treatment approaches, parents are often burdened by conflicting advice. Field trials and other studies have provided excellent diagnostic criteria for autism for DSM-IV and ICD-10, with high sensitivity and specificity. Careful definition of the clinical phenotype is essential for neurobiological, genetic and behavioral research. While many lines of evidence point to underlying disturbances in brain maturation, no specific CNS dysfunction or biological correlate has been discovered. Rigorous research is not only essential for improving the understanding and treatment of autism; such studies may also help elucidate the normal preconditions for socialization and the pathways that allow a child to enter into the world of human relationships.
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PMID:Integrating biological and behavioral perspectives in the study and care of autistic individuals: the future. 810 35

Of a population of 100 Swedish thalidomide embryopathy cases, at least four met full criteria for DSM-III-R autistic disorder and ICD-10 childhood autism. Thalidomide embryopathy of the kind encountered in these cases affects fetal development early in pregnancy, probably on days 20 to 24 after conception. It is argued that the possible association of thalidomide embryopathy with autism may shed some light on the issue of which neural circuitries may be involved in autism pathogenesis.
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PMID:Autism in thalidomide embryopathy: a population study. 815 57

This paper describes the development of the PAS-ADD, a semistructured clinical interview for use specifically with patients with learning disabilities, based on items drawn from the PSE. The PAS-ADD includes a number of novel features including: parallel interviewing of patient and informant; a three-tier structure to provide a flexible interview appropriate to the patient's intellectual level; use of a memorable 'anchor event' in the patient's life to improve time focus; and simplified wording, improved organisation and lay out. Inter-rater reliability was investigated using an experimental design in which two raters viewed and re-rated videotaped PAS-ADD interviews which had been conducted by an experienced clinician. Reliability results compared favourably with those obtained in a major study of PSE reliability with a sample drawn from non-learning disabled individuals. Mean kappa for all items was 0.72. Other indexes of reliability were also good. In the current phase of development, the PAS-ADD is to be expanded to include further diagnostic categories, including schizophrenia and autism. The new version will be updated for use with ICD-10 criteria.
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PMID:Psychiatric morbidity in older people with moderate and severe learning disability. I: Development and reliability of the patient interview (PAS-ADD). 825 86

We describe a 9-year-old boy who presented with abnormal development in language and social interaction. He also showed evidence of stereotyped behaviour, thus fulfilling all the criteria for an ICD-10 diagnosis of autism. This was associated with multiple pituitary deficiency. No case of autism associated with hypopituitarism has hitherto been reported. The authors discuss the evidence for linking the two conditions as opposed to accepting them as coincidental. In some studies of autism, anatomical and imaging studies have provided evidence of pathology in the limbic lobe. This lobe plays an essential role in the modification and expression of emotional reactions. Together with other areas, the limbic system sends outputs from the hypothalamus and from there to the pituitary. Our case illustrates a possible link between emotional expression and hypopituitarism.
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PMID:Autism and multiple pituitary deficiency. 864 34

Asperger's Syndrome is a distinct variant of autism, with a prevalence rate of 10 to 26 per 10,000 of normal intelligence, and 0.4 per 10,000 in those with mild mental retardation. The syndrome now has its own clinical entity and diagnostic criteria. It is being officially listed in the ICD-10 under pervasive developmental disorder. Two such cases are described in this article. Case One lacked the ability to relate to others, was excessively preoccupied with the late actor P. Ramlee and demonstrated a peculiar behaviour of holding on to toothbrushes in his early childhood. Cognitively, he was unable to synthesise words into meaningful sentences. Similarly, Case Two was unable to relate well to others and was preoccupied with the planets and its constellations. Though he appeared intelligent with an IQ score of 101, he was unable to follow instructions at school. Both children had motor clumsiness and fulfilled the criteria for the diagnosis of Asperger's Syndrome.
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PMID:Asperger's syndrome: a report of two cases from Malaysia. 878 38


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