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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To investigate clinical pictures and the validity of disintegrative psychosis (DP) as defined in ICD-9, 18 cases of DP were compared with 51 and 145 cases of infantile autism (IA) with and without speech loss, respectively, on clinical variables. The DP cases showed clearer regression after more satisfactory development than the IA cases with speech loss. Around age 7, about 4 years after regression, those with DP were significantly more severely retarded than those with IA, yet both were similar in autistic symptomatology. EEG abnormalities and mothers 30 or older at delivery were significantly more common in the histories of those with DP than of those with IA. DP may be linked with IA having speech loss with regression in mental development as a common denominator.
J Autism Dev Disord 1992 Jun
PMID:A comparative study of development and symptoms among disintegrative psychosis and infantile autism with and without speech loss. 137 50

ICD-10 draft research criteria for childhood autism were applied to a previously published data set comparing DSM-III and DSM-III-R to clinicians' diagnoses of autism. The ICD-10 approach paralleled clinicians' patterns of diagnosis and, to a lesser extent, the DSM-III system. Relative to either clinicians, DSM-III, or ICD-10 the DSM-III-R system overdiagnosed the presence of autism. Implications for research and for future revision of diagnostic criteria are discussed.
J Autism Dev Disord 1992 Dec
PMID:Three diagnostic systems for autism: DSM-III, DSM-III-R, and ICD-10. 148 72

The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), a standardized protocol for observation of social and communicative behavior associated with autism, is described. The instrument consists of a series of structured and semistructured presses for interaction, accompanied by coding of specific target behaviors associated with particular tasks and by general ratings of the quality of behaviors. Interrater reliability for five raters exceeded weighted kappas of .55 for each item and each pair of raters for matched samples of 15 to 40 autistic and nonautistic, mildly mentally handicapped children (M IQ = 59) between the ages of 6 and 18 years. Test-retest reliability was adequate. Further analyses compared these groups to two additional samples of autistic and nonautistic subjects with normal intelligence (M IQ = 95), matched for sex and chronological age. Analyses yielded clear diagnostic differences in general ratings of social behavior, specific aspects of communication, and restricted or stereotypic behaviors and interests. Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis of autism in the draft version of ICD-10 were operationalized in terms of abnormalities on specific ADOS items. An algorithm based on these items was shown to have high reliability and discriminant validity.
J Autism Dev Disord 1989 Jun
PMID:Autism diagnostic observation schedule: a standardized observation of communicative and social behavior. 274 88

The development of a new standardized investigator-based interview for use in the differential diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorders is described, together with a diagnostic algorithm (using ICD-10 criteria) based on its use. Good interrater reliability for algorithm items was shown between four raters, two in Canada and two in the UK, who rated 32 videotaped interviews. The items also significantly discriminated between 16 autistic and 16 nonautistic mentally handicapped subjects. The algorithm based on ICD-10 identified all 16 autistic individuals and none of the 16 nonautistic subjects.
J Autism Dev Disord 1989 Sep
PMID:Autism diagnostic interview: a standardized investigator-based instrument. 279 83

Several factors appear to impede the development of a valid taxonomy of psychopathology in children and adolescents with mental retardation. These include (a) the lack of a widely accepted definition of psychopathology in mental retardation, (b) disagreement on the nature of the relationship between mental retardation and psychopathology, and (c) insufficient evidence for the reliability and validity of current DSM or ICD systems in this population. In this article, we offer a definition of psychopathology in children with mental retardation; review concepts of the relationship between psychopathology and mental retardation; argue that in moving toward a valid taxonomy factors to be considered should include data from multivariate studies, findings related to behavior phenotypes, and diagnostic considerations with stereotypic behavior and self-injury, organic brain syndromes and pervasive developmental disorders. Finally, we outline a research strategy that may serve as a useful framework for developing a valid taxonomy of psychopathology in this population.
J Autism Dev Disord 1995 Apr
PMID:Issues in the taxonomy of psychopathology in mental retardation. 755 82

Asperger syndrome (AS) is a pervasive developmental disorder generally regarded as a variant of autism. While it has been included in the ICD-10 and DSM-IV as a distinct diagnostic entity, it is still unclear to what extent it differs from high-functioning autism (HFA). Persons with HFA have been reported to show a variety of deficits of thought processes. Abnormalities such as poor reality testing, perceptual distortions, and areas of cognitive slippage have been described using the Rorschach inkblot test (Dykens, Volkmar, & Glick, 1991). Since AS has been conceptualized as a mild variant of autism, we hypothesized that persons with AS will have fewer abnormalities on the Rorschach test compared to persons with HFA. To test this hypothesis, we compared 12 subjects with AS (ICD-10, 10 male, mean age = 12.2 +/- 3.3 years, mean full-scale IQ = 99.6) with 8 subjects with HFA (ICD-10/DSM-III-R, 7 male, mean age = 12.2 +/- 3.8 years, mean full-scale IQ = 83.4) on the Rorschach test. AS subjects demonstrated a trend towards greater levels of disorganized thinking than the HFA group. They were also more likely to be classified as "Introversive" suggesting that AS subjects may have more complex inner lives involving elaborate fantasies, Also, AS subjects tended to be more focused on their internal experiences. However, overall, the Rorschach test was not found to differentiate the two diagnostic groups on the majority of structural variables. Implications of these findings are discussed with regard to the diagnostic validity of Asperger syndrome.
J Autism Dev Disord 1995 Jun
PMID:Brief report: thought disorder in Asperger syndrome: comparison with high-functioning autism. 755 96

The Pre-Linguistic Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (PL-ADOS) is a semistructured observation scale designed for use as a diagnostic tool for children less than 6 years old who are not yet using phrase speech and are suspected of having autism. The PL-ADOS takes approximately 30 minutes to administer and is appropriate for use with this population because of its emphasis on playful interactions and the use of toys designed for young children. Reliability studies indicated that both individual activity ratings and summary ratings could be reliably scored from videotaped assessments by naive raters. Additionally, PL-ADOS scores of nonverbal preschool-aged children referred for clinical diagnosis and classified on the basis of a diagnostic team's clinical judgment, clearly discriminated between autistic and nonautistic developmentally disabled children. The resulting diagnostic algorithm is theoretically linked to diagnostic constructs associated with ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria for autism.
J Autism Dev Disord 1995 Aug
PMID:The pre-linguistic autism diagnostic observation schedule. 759 49

We report a male individual with partial tetrasomy 15 and severe mental retardation, who met ICD-10 criteria for autism. The relevance of this to the etiology of autism is discussed.
J Autism Dev Disord 1995 Feb
PMID:A case of autism associated with partial tetrasomy 15. 760 33

This paper compares four systems for the classification of pervasive developmental disorders: DSM-III-R, ICD-10, the French classification of mental disorders in children and adolescents and Manzano and Palacio-Espasa's operational classification. Five children were examined according to a protocol which included clinical and instrumental examination, the BSE scale, a development scale and a psychodynamic observation recorded by video camera. A detailed discussion of the diagnosis of one of the cases is reported as an example, while a synthetic description is given of the other four. The comparison highlights the characteristics of the four systems considered. The differing theoretical premises which inspire them mean that it is important to use all four in the clinical investigation of each case: DSM-III-R and ICD-10 can be used for the initial screening, whilst the other two can be used to classify more specifically all the forms of infantile psychosis.
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PMID:[Classification systems for the clinical approach to pervasive developmental disorders]. 764 31

In the revised diagnostic systems ICD-10 and DSM-IV Asperger's syndrome is listed as a subgroup under Pervasive developmental disorders. It has been argued that persons with this syndrome have similar characteristics as high functioning autists. The knowledge now available about autism is useful for understanding Asperger's syndrome, also when it comes to treatment strategies. The authors discuss differential diagnoses and assessment programmes.
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PMID:[Asperger's syndrome]. 769 19


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