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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An individual's social competence is often considered in terms of his role-taking abilities. In the light of studies by Piaget, it has been supposed that a child's developing capacity to appreciate the viewpoints of others in a social context is reflected in his ability to recognize points of view in a visuospatial setting. If this is valid, then visuospatial role-taking tasks may afford a measure of some relatively "cognitive" component of the capacity to engage in social behavior. Tasks in which subjects were required to make judgments about different and yet related views of a three-dimensional scene or object, together with tests of operational thinking, were presented to normal children and to subjects with the diagnosis of infantile autism. The results indicate that autistic children are not more impaired in their recognition of visuospatial perspectives than are normal children of comparable intellectual level in tests of operational thinking. A further, more limited study yielded suggestive evidence that over this series of tasks, autistic children perform as well as subjects with Down's syndrome who have a similar verbal mental age. These findings render it improbable that autistic children are especially "egocentric" in their appreciation of visuospatial perspectives.
J Autism Dev Disord 1984 Mar
PMID:Early childhood autism and the question of egocentrism. 670 99

Children aged 0-14 on a specified census day, with impairments of verbal and nonverbal communication, social interaction and imaginative play, and with repetitive, stereotyped activities, were identified in an epidemiological study carried out in an area of southeast London. Sociable moderately, severely, and profoundly retarded children were included for comparison. An overall male:female ratio of 2.6:1 was found in those with language and social impairments, but, in the children of this group who were moderately, severely, or profoundly retarded, the ratio was 2.1:1, closely similar to that found in children in the same IQ range with Down's syndrome or cerebral palsy. The excess of males was much more marked in language and socially impaired children who were of higher ability, or who had a history of typical early childhood autism. The findings were linked to hypotheses of genetically greater variability in males, and to male-female differences in visuo-spatial and language skills.
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PMID:Sex ratios in early childhood autism and related conditions. 694 8

Early identification and treatment of vision problems is a key element in learning. For preschool children already identified with developmental delay, vision screening and visual correction are particularly essential. Participants drawn from a public Special School District were 105 preschoolers ages 3 to 5 years identified as having developmental delay. Examples included autism, Down syndrome, physical handicap, or cognitive impairment. A partnership was created between the public preschool and the University Schools of Nursing and Optometry to implement vision screening. Teachers/teacher assistants were asked to characterize the children before and after preteaching and after vision screening. Using a semantic differential scale of bipolar descriptors, planned comparisons within a repeated measures MANOVA were statistically significant for all pairs before teaching vs. the mean of after teaching/after screening (p = 0.027) but not statistically significant for after teaching vs. after vision screening (p = 1.000). Results of this preliminary study suggest preteaching could be an important part of a successful vision screening partnership in that 102 (97%) of developmentally delayed children successfully completed screening for vision problems.
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PMID:Preteaching developmentally delayed preschoolers to aid vision screening. 753 98

Two potentially contrasting hypotheses can be generated about sibling interactions involving a child with Down's syndrome or autism. Research on siblings would predict that learning disabled children adopt responsive roles. Studies of children with autism would predict impoverished interactions. Home observations were conducted on 30 sibling pairs involving children with autism or Down's syndrome. Both hypotheses were partially supported. All learning disabled children engaged in frequent bouts of interaction, usually directed by their sibling. While children with autism engaged in fewer bouts and imitated less, they did reciprocate their siblings' initiations. Sibling encounters provide a unique opportunity for such children to learn about social relationships.
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PMID:Sibling interaction of children with learning disabilities: a comparison of autism and Down's syndrome. 759 4

The relationship between age of walking and two factors of severity of intellectual disability and clinical types (autism, Down syndrome, epilepsy, and "residual") in children with mental retardation was investigated. Subjects were 118 children whose disabilities ranged from severe to mild. Measures by clinical type were significant, and the differences of any two clinical types except between children with epilepsy and the "residual" group were significant, but severity of intellectual disability was not significant. Most children with autism (27 subjects, 93%) walked by the normal time limit of 18 months. Only 3 children (11%) with Down syndrome began to walk within that limit, and 9 of them (33%) walked after 2 years of age. In the "residual" group (including children with epilepsy), 37 children (60%) walked within the normal limit but 15 (25%) only after 2 years of age.
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PMID:Factors affecting age of walking by children with mental retardation. 767 88

Based on a possible pathological relationship of autoimmunity to autism, antibodies reactive with myelin basic protein (anti-MBP) were investigated in the sera of autistic children. Using a screening serum dilution of 1:400 in the protein-immunoblotting technique, approximately 58% (19 of 33) sera of autistic children (< or = 10 years of age) were found to be positive for anti-MBP. This result in autistics was significantly (p < or = .0001) different from the controls (8 of 88 or only 9% positive), which included age-matched children with normal health, idiopathic mental retardation (MR) and Down syndrome (DS), and normal adults of 20 to 40 years of age. Since autism is a syndrome of unknown etiology, it is possible that anti-MBP antibodies are associated with the development of autistic behavior.
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PMID:Antibodies to myelin basic protein in children with autistic behavior. 768 57

A prospective study looking at the prevalence of epilepsy in 246 children with autistic spectrum disorder revealed that 7.6% of children satisfying the criteria of infantile autism and 5% of those with an autistic condition had epilepsy. The majority had onset of seizures before the age of 1 year. Boys predominated in both groups. There was no correlation between the age of onset of seizures, type of seizure, sex, mentality, and the outcome of epilepsy. There is an increased risk of epilepsy in autistic children compared to those with developmental dysphasia or Down syndrome. There might be some underlying defect of the brain in autistic children that causes different degrees of autistic manifestation with which epilepsy is associated, as part of the spectrum complex.
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PMID:Epilepsy in children with autistic spectrum disorder. 769 96

For this epidemiologic study, 458 individuals with mental retardation and developmental disability (MRDD), from 6 to 87 years old, from the Lower Hudson Valley region of New York, were evaluated for the occurrence of orthodontic anomalies. High occurrence of both anomalies of intermaxillary relation, as determined by Angle's classification, and the anomalies of occlusion were found in these individuals when compared with the general population. An increased incidence of both acquired (i.e., open bite) as well as hereditary (i.e., prognathia) orthodontic anomalies correlated with the severity of mental retardation. In addition, an increased incidence of Angle class II malocclusion was found in persons with cerebral palsy and autism, and an increase of Angle class III malocclusion in persons with autism and Down syndrome. Moreover, it was found that 74% of MRDD persons had definitive malocclusion, while only 37% of the US general population of comparable age has definitive malocclusion. High incidence of malocclusion in this population remained present into old age, mainly due to a lack of treatment and the need to employ non-conventional orthodontic treatment in this population.
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PMID:Analysis of orthodontic anomalies in mentally retarded developmentally disabled (MRDD) persons. 775 55

Although autism can occur in conjunction with a range of other conditions, the association with Down syndrome is generally considered to be relatively rare. Four young boys with Down syndrome are described who were also autistic. All children clearly fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for autism required by the ICD-10 or DSM-III-R, but in each case the parents had faced considerable difficulties in obtaining this diagnosis. Instead, the children's problems had been attributed to their cognitive delays, despite the fact that their behaviour and general progress differed from other children with Down syndrome in many important aspects. The implications, for both families and children, of the failure to diagnose autism when it co-occurs with other conditions such as Down syndrome are discussed. Some speculations about possible pathological associations are also presented.
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PMID:The recognition of autism in children with Down syndrome--implications for intervention and some speculations about pathology. 776 40

An experiment was carried out in which 30 adolescent and adult patients with autism and 30 age- and IQ-matched Down syndrome patients were instructed to choose one of the chocolates that were hanging near four pictures displaying facial expressions of basic emotions (fear, anger, happiness, and sadness). As predicted, most of the Down syndrome patients took the chocolate near the happy face picture. Unexpectedly, however, autistic patients made more responses to the fearful face picture. Also, Down syndrome patients were more capable of naming the four basic emotions than autistic patients.
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PMID:Knowledge of basic emotions in adolescent and adult individuals with autism. 777 May 93


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