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Query: UMLS:C0004352 (autism)
 32,579 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Autism is the symptom which has the most specific features of schizophrenia. However, the content of pathological experience of the patients has not yet been clarified as it was never told by themselves. In the present study, a case of simple schizophrenia with a major symptom of autism is reported. Schizophrenic autism was studied psychopathologically by drawing tests. The analysis of drawings was summarized by the following characteristics. 1. The objects were drawn so as to be small at the center. The composition was further characterized by the overwhelmingly predominant empty space of its circumference, which we termed "reversed zoom lens effect". This seemed to show that the objects were isolated and removed from the patient. 2. The entire image of the theme was not drawn. 3. Lack of vitality was observed in all the drawings. On the basis of the above characteristics of these drawings and the clinical findings, the following were suggested as the pathology of the patient's experience: 1. The "reversed zoom lens composition" seen in the drawings suggested that the psychological distance between objects and the patient might be expanded. 2. The patient was alienated from the objective world to which he had once been accustomed as the object lacked vitality and familiarity. 3. The pathology of schizophrenic autism observed in the patient could be expressed as "alienation from objective experience." 4. It was considered that although akin to depersonalization, "alienation from objective experience" was the pathology characteristic of schizophrenia.
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PMID:[Psychopathological study on schizophrenic autism through the paintings of a case of simple schizophrenia]. 974 54

Recently, the group of symptoms known as "subjective experiences" of schizophrenia has raised a growing interest. These phenomena have been shaped through concepts like depersonalization-derealization, mental automatism, disorders of the self and autism. The authors propose to review these syndromes, as well as their relationship with subjectivity understood as consciousness of the self (or self-awareness) and the shortcomings due to such a relationship. To finish, we will provide some hints into psychopathology understood as a technique of production of intelligibility which will hopefully help to provide a better grasp of the process described above.
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PMID:[Schizophrenia and subjectivity]. 1523 54

Consequences of intrafamily noncontact abuse (40 children aged from 3 to 13 years) and out-of-family contact abuse (15 children aged from 7 to 15 years) have been studied. The intrafamily abuse was long-term and demanded from a child the immersion into situation of "secrecy". The out-of-family abuse had a character of the extreme influence upon a victim. Independently of the abuse character, border-line mental disorders were found in all children. A character of these disorders was determined by the specifics of psychogenic factor, its duration and child's age. A decreased mood, different levels of autism and disturbances of cognitive function were common features of border-line disorders. In cases of intrafamily abuse, uncontrolled drives, sexual character of games and fantasies, elements of depersonalization and age-specific transformation of affective disorders from depressiveness to dysphoric aggressive reactions were observed. In the out-of-family contact abuse, especially in teenagers, the main appearances approached to posttraumatic stress syndrome. In all cases, there was a trend to stronger differentiation of affective disorders, intensification of drives and formation of characteristic pathologic changes as children get older.
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PMID:[Mental disorders in children after the sexual abuse]. 1727 91

The aim of this study was to follow up the occurrence of burnout in therapists of children and adolescents with autism experiencing the 2009 earthquake in L'Aquila, and to discuss implications for burnout prevention after disasters. A longitudinal study was carried out, measuring burnout outcomes according to the Maslach Burnout Inventory in 11 exposed and 53 unexposed therapists. Staff in the exposed group appeared to report significantly higher levels of emotional exhaustion after 1 and 2 years of follow-up than the unexposed staff. As to lack of personal accomplishment, the exposed groups shows increasingly lower scores with respect to the unexposed group, with personal accomplishment (PA) values falling from 41.0 [standard deviation (SD) 3.7] to 33.4 (SD 4.1) after 2 years, whereas PA values remain stable over time in the unexposed group. As to depersonalization, data show no significant difference between groups. Burnout occurrence is induced by the exceptional stressors related with natural disasters like earthquakes. Efforts are required to help mental health workers, including psychiatric nurses, to cope with the devastating situation determined by an earthquake. A periodical monitoring of mental health status is recommended in mental health works, especially with regard to help with post-traumatic stress disorder, coping with work and therapeutic relationships, family and social life and economic impact.
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PMID:Burnout among therapists working with persons with autism after the 2009 earthquake in L'Aquila, Italy: a longitudinal comparative study. 2355 8

There is increasing evidence and recognition that Lyme borreliosis (LB) causes mental symptoms. This article draws from databases, search engines and clinical experience to review current information on LB. LB causes immune and metabolic effects that result in a gradually developing spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms, usually presenting with significant comorbidity which may include developmental disorders, autism spectrum disorders, schizoaffective disorders, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety disorders (panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, intrusive symptoms), eating disorders, decreased libido, sleep disorders, addiction, opioid addiction, cognitive impairments, dementia, seizure disorders, suicide, violence, anhedonia, depersonalization, dissociative episodes, derealization and other impairments. Screening assessment followed by a thorough history, comprehensive psychiatric clinical exam, review of systems, mental status exam, neurological exam and physical exam relevant to the patient's complaints and findings with clinical judgment, pattern recognition and knowledgeable interpretation of laboratory findings facilitates diagnosis. Psychotropics and antibiotics may help improve functioning and prevent further disease progression. Awareness of the association between LB and neuropsychiatric impairments and studies of their prevalence in neuropsychiatric conditions can improve understanding of the causes of mental illness and violence and result in more effective prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
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PMID:Neuropsychiatric Lyme Borreliosis: An Overview with a Focus on a Specialty Psychiatrist's Clinical Practice. 3014 26

Teacher stress and burnout have a detrimental effect on the stability of the teaching workforce. However, the possible consequences of teacher burnout on teaching quality and on student learning outcomes are less clear, especially in special education settings. We applied Maslach and Leiter's model (1999) to understand the direct effects of burnout on teaching in general and stress arising from interaction with a specific student on the IEP outcomes of young children with autism spectrum disorder. We also examined indirect effects through teaching quality and student engagement. The results indicated that one of the three components of burnout-teacher personal accomplishment-was directly related to IEP outcomes, a distal effect, whereas stress was directly related to teaching quality and student engagement, which were more proximal effects. Additionally, teacher stress, emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization had indirect effects on IEP outcomes through teaching quality and student engagement.
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PMID:Too Stressed to Teach? Teaching Quality, Student Engagement, and IEP Outcomes. 3055 78

Increased levels of burnout have been demonstrated for providers serving individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Given higher levels of burnout are linked with a number of negative physical and psychological outcomes, it is important to understand predictors of burnout to inform prevention and intervention strategies. Leiter and Maslach (1999) provide a framework for conceptualizing burnout within an organizational context according to six areas of work-life. The present study examines the relation between the six areas of work-life and burnout in staff providing direct care services to individuals with ASD. A total of 149 providers completed an online survey consisting of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI; Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter, 1997), the Areas of Work-life Survey (AWS; Leiter & Maslach, 1999), and additional questions about training and supervision. The areas of workload, reward, fairness, and values emerged as the best predictors of burnout. While workload, fairness, and values predicted emotional exhaustion, values and reward predicted personal accomplishment, and values alone predicted depersonalization. Lower levels of training satisfaction and frequency of supervision were related to burnout. Findings provide direction regarding which aspects of the workplace may be most relevant for this workforce and how these areas may be targeted for change.
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PMID:Burnout in providers serving individuals with ASD: The impact of the workplace. 3212 47