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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The time course of the development of hypercholesterolemia was studied in rabbits fed semipurified diets containing casein or soybean protein. When the rabbits were transferred from a commercial diet to semipurified diets, a rapid increase in the concentration of serum cholesterol and phospholipids occurred. After only one day on the semipurified diets, the cholesterol and phospholipid levels increased by about 50% on the diet containing soybean protein and more than doubled on the diet containing casein. Further elevations were observed after one and two weeks on the diets. However after one month, a decrease in the group on the diet containing soybean protein was found. The increases in serum cholesterol and the differences between the soybean protein and casein group were mainly attributable to differences in the LDL fraction and to a minor extent to differences in the HDL fraction. The feeding of semipurified diets resulted in a steep increase in the ratio of cholesterol to protein in all the lipoprotein fractions after only one day. This suggests that lipoprotein particles relatively rich in cholesterol were formed. Marked variations in the density profile of the serum lipoproteins were observed between individual rabbits fed semipurified diets.
Atherosclerosis 1981 May
PMID:Time course of the development of hypercholesterolemia in rabbits fed semipurified diets containing casein or soybean protein. 719 25

Male and female lean Zucker strain rats were fed cholesterol-enriched semipurified diets containing 2 levels (20% and 50%, w/w) of either casein or soybean protein for a period of 14 weeks. In the female rats, the feeding of casein diets resulted in significantly higher levels of serum cholesterol than when diets containing soybean protein were fed. In addition, the hypercholesterolemic effect of dietary casein could be enhanced by increasing the proportion of this protein in the diet. Modulations in the proportion of dietary soybean protein did not significantly affect the serum cholesterol levels. In the male rats, however, no such differential effects were observed, indicating a difference between male and female rats in susceptibility to the induction of changes in serum cholesterol levels by dietary means. Upon feeding casein diets, both the male and female rats exhibited a shift of cholesterol from the high density lipoproteins to the lipoproteins with a lower density. This effect was more pronounced in the female than in the male rats. Liver cholesterol concentrations were markedly affected by modulations both in the type and proportion of dietary protein in both sexes. The concentration of cholesterol in the liver of the rats was highest in those fed the 50% casein diet and progressively lower in the animals on diets containing 20% casein, 20% soybean protein and 50% soybean protein.
Atherosclerosis 1982 Mar
PMID:The effect of semipurified diets containing different proportions of either casein or soybean protein on the concentration of cholesterol in whole serum, serum lipoproteins and liver in male and female rats. 720 Jul 91

The effects of skim milk powder (SMP) and fluid skim milk (FSM) on plasma cholesterol (CH) and hepatic liquid concentrations, and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase activity of rats of different ages were compared. Groups of young (23 days old) and older (45 days old) rats were fed a casein -based diet and provided tap water; the casein-based diet and FSM as fluid source; or tap water and the casein diet into which SMP (25% by wt.) had been isocalorically incorporated. Plasma CH concentrations were determined at 0, 1.5, 3 and 5 wk, hepatic total lipid, triglyceride and CH at 5 wk. Half of each group were killed at wk 3 and the other half at wk 5 for determinations of HMG CoA reductase activity. Both FSM and SMP decreased plasma CH levels at 1.5 and 3 wk of feeding in the young rats; plasma CH concentrations of the older rats were not altered by either FSM or SMP. Both milk derivatives increased HMG CoA reductase activity at wk 3 and wk 5 in both ages of rat, whereas hepatic lipid levels were unchanged. In these experiments the effects of feeding FSM of SMP along with a casein-based diet were comparable and included an increase in HMB CoA reductase activity, no change in hepatic lipid levels, and a decrease in plasma CH; the latter response depended on the initial age of the rat.
Atherosclerosis 1981 May
PMID:Plasma and hepatic cholesterol and hepatic HMG CoA reductase levels in rats fed fluid or powdered skim milk. 724 1

The paper describes a procedure for reproduction of experimental peroxide atheroarteriosclerosis in rabbits by means of keeping the animals on a semi-natural antioxidant-free diet (casein, coconut oil, starch, sugar. extracted oats, dry yeast, straw, vitamins A and D, a mixture of salts). After 100 days of experimentation the mean area of the involved aorta constituted 72.9 +/- 6.1 %. The biochemical characteristics of experimental peroxide atheroarteriosclerosis is presented. The advantages of this model comparatively to the cholesterol and triglyceride-induced diseases are as follows: the similarity of the atherogenous diet to alimentary factors promoting atherosclerosis in man, endogenous nature of hypercholesterolemia and its moderate grade; development of destructive changes and calcinosis in the arteries in addition to lipidosis and fibrosis.
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PMID:[Experimental peroxide atherosclerosis in rabbits]. 726 47

Five groups of six (three male, three female) baboons (Papio ursinus) were maintained for 17 months on a semipurified diet containing 40% carbohydrate, 25% casein, 13.9% coconut oil, 0.1% cholesterol, 15% cellulose, 5% salt mix (USP XIV) and 1% vitamin mix. The carbohydrates fed were: fructose, sucrose, starch, glucose, and lactose. A fifth group was used as control and was fed bread, fruit, and vegetables. Serum, liver, and tissue lipids were analyzed at the end of the feeding period as were cholesterol absorption (as 3H-cholesterol) and synthesis (from 14C-mevalonic acid). Serum cholesterol and beta-lipoprotein levels were elevated in all the test groups compared to final control levels or to starting levels for all the baboons. Average serum cholesterol levels of the test groups were not significantly different. Liver lipids were elevated in all test groups except that fed glucose. Baboons on the test diets absorbed more exogenous cholesterol (3H) but biosynthesis of this sterol was not inhibited. The ratio of biliary primary/secondary bile acids was below normal levels only in the animals fed fructose and sucrose. Cholesteryl ester fatty acid spectra of serum and liver reflected the dietary fat. Fecal weight was 69% higher in lactose fed animals and 31% lower in sucrose fed animals than in the controls. The ratio of endogenous or exogenous neutral/acid steroids was considerably lower in the fructose-fed baboons than in the other animals. On this diet average aortic sudanophilia (percentage of surface) was: fructose, 11.3; sucrose, 10.4; starch, 21.3; glucose, 17.2 lactose, 65.8; and control, 1.4. Gross atheromatous lesions were seen in five of six baboons fed lactose; three of six baboons fed fructose; two of six baboons fed sucrose, and one of six baboons fed starch. In a second experiment three groups of baboons were fed the control diet, the semipurified diet in which the carbohydrate was lactose, and the semipurified diet containing lactose plus 0.1% cholesterol for 8.5 months. Serum lipids were elevated in the two test groups but liver lipids were not significantly different from control levels. Average aortic sudanophilia (percentage of area) was: lactose, 2.2; lactose-cholesterol, 20.8; and control, 0.3%. One of the six baboons in the lactose-cholesterol group had visible atherosclerotic lesions. These experiments represent the first successful attempt to produce severe atherosclerosis in baboons by dietary means alone.
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PMID:Influence of type of carbohydrate on atherosclerosis in baboons fed semipurified diets plus 0.1% cholesterol. 740 89

The initial endothelial morphological alterations and the development of raised, lipid-containing lesions in rabbit aortas were examined after 1 and 3 months on a casein-enriched, semipurified, cholesterol-free diet. The alterations were compared with those in rabbits fed soy-protein in the place of casein and with age-matched, chow-fed, control animals. Using immunohistochemistry macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and smooth muscle cells were identified in the lesions, and an expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and, occasionally, E-selectin was seen in sections of the aortas of casein-fed rabbits. The initial alterations in the endothelium appear to include evidence of endothelial injury and white blood cell adhesion. No evidence of extracellular liposome formation was observed. This model of atherogenesis is consistent with endothelial injury being an important component of diet-induced atherogenesis and has similarities to human atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis 1994 Jun
PMID:Early lesion development in the aortas of rabbits fed low-fat, cholesterol-free, semipurified casein diet. 752 73

Rabbits fed a diet enriched in casein develop an endogenous hypercholesterolemia (EH) due both to an increased low density lipoprotein (LDL) synthetic rate and decreased LDL receptor activity. Pre-established EH in this model was used to assess the ability and mechanism by which atorvastatin lowers total plasma cholesterol (TPC) compared to the reference agent lovastatin. Rabbits were fed a casein diet for 6 weeks, obtaining average TPC levels above 200 mg/dl. To ensure equivalent mean cholesterol concentrations, animals were randomized into treatment groups based on the 6-week TPC levels, and fed the casein diet alone or in combination with either atorvastatin or lovastatin for an additional 6 weeks. Under these conditions, new steady-state cholesterol values were established. Lipoprotein concentrations and distributions were determined at this point. Compared to pretreatment values, TPC were similar in untreated animals. Atorvastatin, however, significantly reduced TPC by 38%, 45%, and 54% at the 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg doses, respectively. Statistically significant lowering of TPC (35%) by lovastatin was only achieved at the 10 mg/kg dose. To determine the mechanism by which atorvastatin lowered TPC in the EH rabbits, kinetic studies using human [125I]-LDL were performed in a subset of animals maintained on the casein diet alone (n = 5), or those treated with 3 mg/kg of atorvastatin (n = 5) or lovastatin (n = 7). In this set of studies, atorvastatin significantly lowered TPC compared to control and lovastatin-treated rabbits by 57% and 46%, respectively. Lovastatin treatment resulted in a 20% decrease in TPC as compared to untreated controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Atherosclerosis 1995 Jun
PMID:Comparative effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on apo B production in the casein-fed rabbit: atorvastatin versus lovastatin. 766 76

The first purely nutritional investigation into experimental atherosclerosis was carried out by Ignatowski in 1908. Believing that a toxic metabolite of animal protein led to atherosclerosis, he fed meat to adult rabbits and milk and egg yolk to weanling rabbits and caused atherosclerosis. For the next two decades experimental efforts from many laboratories were directed at determining which, if any, animal protein was the most atherogenic. The discovery in 1912 that dietary cholesterol per se was atherogenic turned attention to fat and cholesterol, eclipsing work on dietary protein. In 1926 Clarkson and Newburgh showed that the amount of cholesterol present in the animal protein they fed was insufficient to be atherogenic, demonstrating that some factor other than lipid determined atherogenicity. In 1940 Meeker and Kesten showed that animal protein (casein) was more atherogenic that plant protein (soy). Carroll and his co-workers showed that most proteins of animal origin were more cholesterolemic for rabbits than were proteins of vegetable origin, although there was some overlap. Cholesterol turnover is slower and fecal excretion of cholesterol is reduced in rabbits fed casein as opposed to those fed soy protein. The mechanisms underlying this effect are moot.
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PMID:Dietary protein, cholesterol and atherosclerosis: a review of the early history. 788 38

Mice that are homozygous for a targeted disruption of the LDL receptor gene (LDLR-/- mice) were fed a diet that contained 1.25% cholesterol, 7.5% cocoa butter, 7.5% casein, and 0.5% cholic acid. The total plasma cholesterol rose from 246 to > 1,500 mg/dl, associated with a marked increase in VLDL, intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL), and LDL cholesterol, and a decrease in HDL cholesterol. In wild type littermates fed the same diet, the total plasma cholesterol remained < 160 mg/dl. After 7 mo, the LDLR-/- mice developed massive xanthomatous infiltration of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The aorta and coronary ostia exhibited gross atheromata, and the aortic valve leaflets were thickened by cholesterol-laden macrophages. No such changes were seen in the LDLR-/- mice on a normal chow diet, nor in wild type mice that were fed either a chow diet or the high-fat diet. We conclude that LDL receptors are largely responsible for the resistance of wild type mice to atherosclerosis. The cholesterol-fed LDLR-/- mice offer a new model for the study of environmental and genetic factors that modify the processes of atherosclerosis and xanthomatosis.
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PMID:Massive xanthomatosis and atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed low density lipoprotein receptor-negative mice. 818 21

Atherosclerotic lesions were induced in the aortas of 50 rabbits by feeding a semi-purified cholesterol-free casein diet or normal rabbit chow with a low level of added cholesterol for 6 or 10 months. Following perfusion fixation, the aortae from these animals were opened along their length, stained with oil red O and photographed en face. Orifice associated lesions were mapped by measuring radial lesion length at 10 degrees intervals circumferentially around ostia. Histology of these lesions revealed abundant smooth muscle cells surrounded by collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix, typical of fibrous plaques, as well as oil red O staining lipid and some macrophage derived foam cells. These fibro-fatty lesions were found distal and lateral to ostia, at the same locations as fatty streaks seen in rabbits fed a 2% cholesterol diet for 1 week to 2 months in previous studies. The results of this study show that in moderately hypercholesterolemic rabbits fed an atherogenic diet for 6 to 10 months, advanced atherosclerotic plaques develop in the same location as the fatty streaks seen in short term experiments.
Atherosclerosis 1993 Feb
PMID:The distribution of fibro-fatty atherosclerotic lesions in the aortae of casein- and cholesterol-fed rabbits. 846 Oct 54


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