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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Arachidonic acid (C20 : 4 omega 6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20 : 5 omega 3) are precursors of two different series of prostaglandins important in homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. The levels of these and other fatty acids have been measured in a group of 20 patients who had suffered myocardial infarction (samples taken within 12 h of infarction) and a group of 17 healthy age-matched controls using the erythrocyte as a lipid probe. There was no significant difference between the level of C20 : 4 omega 6 in patients and controls. There was however a highly significant difference in the level of the peak containing C20 : 5 omega 3 i.e. 6.60% +/- 0.29 (mean and SE of mean) for controls; 3.91 +/- 0.36 (mean and SE of mean) for patients with myocardial infarction. In each of the two groups the relationship between the levels of the two fatty acids arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and their essential fatty acid precursors has been investigated. No significant functional relationship was found except between C18 : 3 omega 3 and C20 : 5 omega 3 in the control group. These results are discussed in relation to homeostasis and recent evidence that levels of these fatty acids can be altered by dietary manipulation.
Atherosclerosis 1982 Feb
PMID:The fatty acids of erythrocytes of myocardial infarction patients. 627 24

There are two families of essential fatty acids, the linoleic and linolenic. Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6), found mainly in vegetable seed oils, is desaturated and elongated in the body, forming arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6). Linolenic acid (C18:3n-3), the main dietary source of which is leaves, is desaturated and elongated, forming two fatty acids that are prevalent in fish oils: timnodonic (C20:5n-3) and clupanodonic (C22:6n-3). EFA are very easily peroxidized in air, but vitamin E protects against this. There are three functions of EFA. The most important is as part of phospholipids in all animal cellular membranes: in deficiency of EFA faulty membranes are formed. A second is in the transport and oxidation of cholesterol: EFA tend to lower plasma cholesterol. A third function is as precursors of prostanoids which are only formed from EFA. Deficiency of EFA in experimental animals causes lesions mainly attributable to faulty cellular membranes: sudden failure of growth, lesions of skin and kidney and connective tissue, erythrocyte fragility, impaired fertility, uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation. In man pure deficiency of EFA has been studied particularly in persons fed intravenously. A relative deficiency (that is, a low ratio in the body of EFA to long-chain saturated fatty acids and isomers of EFA) is common on Western diets and plays an important part in the causation of atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis, multiple sclerosis, the triopathy of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and certain forms of malignant disease. Various factors affect the dietary requirement of EFA.
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PMID:Essential fatty acids in perspective. 646 3

Carnitine ester hydrolysis was observed in homogenates of normal rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) aortas and in intact aortas from normal and cholesterol-fed rabbits using [14C]palmitoylcarnitine as a substrate. Hydrolytic activity was decreased approximately 50% in arterial tissue from cholesterol-fed rabbits and may account for the observation that carnitine esters accumulate in arteries of animals fed atherogenic diets. Long-chain acylcarnitines (C14-C18) were found to be moderate inhibitors of microsomal acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT, EC 2.3.1.26); short-chain acylcarnitine (C2-C10) and carnitine itself were not inhibitors. The data suggest that the increase in activity of arterial ACAT that characteristically parallels the development of atherosclerosis does not occur as a result of carnitine ester accumulation.
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PMID:Carnitine ester hydrolysis in arteries from normal and cholesterol-fed rabbits and the effects of carnitine esters on arterial microsomal ACAT. 650 6

The levels of apolipoproteins B, E and A-1 and the molecular species of triacylglycerols, phospholipids and cholesteryl esters were individually quantitated by electroimmunoassay and gas chromatographic total lipid profiling in 50 fresh samples of umbilical cord sera obtained from full term, normal delivery, healthy human neonates. All samples were screened for IgA to eliminate those samples with maternal blood contamination. The whole serum apolipoprotein levels in mg/dl +/- SEM for all neonates were; Apo B = 25.4 +/- 1.2; Apo E = 5.0 +/- 0.3; Apo A-1 = 86.6 +/- 2.3. These values represented 25% and 60% of adult serum values for Apo B and A-1, respectively, with normal adult values for Apo E. Apo A-1 was higher (P less than 0.020) in sera from female when compared to male neonates. The whole serum lipid values in mg/dl +/- SEM for all neonates were: 20.8 +/- 2.0 for triacylglycerols; 74.2 +/- 2.6 for lecithin and sphingomyelin; 79.8 +/- 2.7 for cholesteryl esters and 20.4 +/- 0.8 for unesterified cholesterol. Phospholipids, cholesteryl esters and total cholesterol levels were higher (P less than 0.025) in sera from female neonates when compared to males. The proportion of unesterified cholesterol relative to cholesteryl esters was high in comparison to adult sera, however the total cholesterol to phospholipid ratios were similar. The molecular species of cord sera triacylglycerols indicated a decreased proportion of C16 fatty acids with increased C18 and C20 when compared to adult sera. The molecular species of cord sera phospholipids similarly contained a decreased proportion of C16/18 fatty acids with increased C18/20 or C16/22 fatty acid combinations when compared to adults. The cord sera cholesteryl esters contained a significantly higher proportion of cholesterol esterified to C16 fatty acids with decreased amounts of cholesterol esterified to C18 and C20 fatty acids when compared to adults. Good correlations were obtained between Apo B and total serum cholesterol (R = 0.77) and also between Apo B and total serum triacylglycerols (R = 0.78).
Atherosclerosis 1984 Apr
PMID:The lipoproteins of human umbilical cord blood apolipoprotein and lipid levels. 672

Four groups of 6 New Zealand white rabbits were fed for 60 days on a commercial rabbit diet supplemented (60 g/kg) with 1 of 4 sources of fat: corn oil, linseed oil and fish oil, which respectively provided rich sources of linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6), alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, n-3), and coconut oil, low in all polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Platelet-rich plasma was prepared and aggregation induced by ADP (final concentration 0.29-74.3 microM), collagen (2.5-20 micrograms/400 microliters, final concentration) and 2.5 U bovine thrombin, and recorded with a Peyton aggregometer. Platelet aggregation induced by both thrombin and collagen was significantly lower with either n-3 PUFA (fish or linseed oil) than with corn oil (n-6 PUFA) or the low PUFA coconut oil. ADP-induced platelet aggregation was significantly reduced only in animals fed fish-oil. Changes in platelet aggregation were accompanied by increased platelet lipid content of C20:5, n-3 and decreased content of C20:4, n-6, with little change in platelet total C20 fatty acids. Platelet levels of C20:5, n-3 were significantly increased with both the preformed C20:5, n-3 and its precursor C18:3, n-3 in the diet. However, aortic lipid accumulation of C20:5 only occurred with rabbits fed on fish oil. It was concluded that, for collagen and thrombin induced aggregation, C18:3, n-3 and C20:5, n-3 were equally antiaggregatory in rabbits. The implications of this in community nutrition programmes are discussed.
Atherosclerosis 1982 Jun
PMID:The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the n-3 and n-6 series on platelet aggregation and platelet and aortic fatty acid composition in rabbits. 705 97

CD36, a multifunctional adhesion receptor e.g. for thrombospondin and collagen, as well as a scavenger receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein, is expressed e.g. on platelets and monocytes. By this dual role it might be involved in early steps of atherosclerosis like the recruitment of monocytes and formation of foam cells. We therefore studied the effects of n-3 fatty acids on CD36 expression in human monocytic cells. Incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) into cellular phospholipids resulted in a significant reduction of CD36 expression at the mRNA and protein level, whereas arachidonic acid (AA, C20: 4n-6) and linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n-6) tended to increase CD36 expression compared to the control. This specific down-regulation of CD36 by n-3 fatty acids in cells involved in the initiation and progression of atherogenesis and inflammation, represents a further mechanism that may contribute to the beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in these disorders.
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PMID:N-3 but not N-6 fatty acids reduce the expression of the combined adhesion and scavenger receptor CD36 in human monocytic cells. 755

To elucidate the direction and magnitude of effects of nutrition on coronary artery disease (CAD), the relation between nutrient intake and angiographic changes were examined in the course of a controlled dietary trial. Ninety men with symptomatic CAD and serum cholesterol greater than 232 mg/dL were entered into a randomized controlled trial of a lipid-lowering diet, or of diet plus cholestyramine, compared with usual cardiac care. Of those in the first and second groups, 50 patients completed the trial and are the subject of this report. Quantitative coronary angiography was performed at baseline and at 39 months. From repeated dietary assessment during the trial, mean nutrient intakes were computed, and their relationships with change of coronary artery narrowing were analyzed. Progression of coronary disease was directly, strongly and independently associated with intake of saturated fatty acids of chain length 14-18. This was not fully explained by the effects of saturated fat in raising serum cholesterol; after adjustment for low density lipoprotein cholesterol level, stearic acid (C18:0) intake remained independently predictive of progression. No 'protective' effect of linoleic, linolenic or eicosapentaenoic acid was demonstrable. Intake of trans fatty acids was directly related to progression. Together with the favourable treatment effects on angiographic appearance and clinical end-points, these findings provide further support for a causal role of saturated fats in CAD; restriction of foods containing such fats should be emphasized as part of regimens aimed to reduce progression of coronary atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Relationships between nutrient intake and progression/regression of coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by serial quantitative angiography. 758 83

Cholesteryl esters are a transport and storage form of cholesterol in normal physiology but also a significant lipid in atherosclerotic plaques. To understand better the molecular properties of cholesteryl esters in tissues and plaques, we have studied the polymorphic and mesomorphic features of pure and mixed cholesteryl esters by solid state C-13 NMR with magic angle sample spinning (MASNMR). The temperature-dependent properties of two single components (cholesteryl linoleate (CL, C18:2) and cholesteryl linolenate (CLL, C18:3)), four binary systems (cholesteryl palmitate (CP, C16:0) with CL, CLL or cholesteryl oleate (CO, C18:1), and CO/CL), one ternary system (CO/CP/CL), and one quaternary system (CO/CP/CL/CLL) were studied. The mixing ratios were based on the composition of an atherosclerosis plaque dissected from a cholesterol-fed New Zealand white rabbit. C-13 MASNMR determined the phase transition temperatures, identified the phases present in all systems, and provided novel information about molecular structures. For example, solid CL exhibited a disordered structure with multiple molecular conformations, whereas pure CLL had a crystalline structure different from the three most commonly characterized forms (MLII, MLI, BL). In binary mixtures, the crystalline structure of each cholesteryl ester species was identified by its own characteristic resonances. It was found that CP always existed in its native BL form, but CL and CO were influenced by the composition of the mixture. CL was induced to form MLII crystals by the coexisting CP (55 wt%). When CO was cooled from the isotropic phase, it existed as a mixture of MLII and an amorphous form. The presence of CP significantly accelerated the conversion of the amorphous form to the MLII form. For the ternary mixture co-dried from chloroform, CL cocrystallized with CO in the MLII form and CP existed in BL form. Addition of a small amount of CLL slightly increased the heterogeneity of the solid mixture, but had little effect on the crystal structures or the phase transitions. C-13 MASNMR represents a powerful method for physical characterization of cholesteryl ester mixtures reflecting the composition of biological samples.
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PMID:Phase behavior and crystalline structures of cholesteryl ester mixtures: a C-13 MASNMR study. 764 42

Inhibition of intercellular communication is an important feature in the tumour promotion phase of a multistage carcinogenesis model. In atherosclerosis inhibition of cell-cell communication by atherogenic compounds, e.g., low density lipoproteins (LDL), also seems to be important. For testing atherogenic compounds we used an atherosclerosis relevant cell type, namely human smooth muscle cells. In order to investigate which part of the LDL particle would be involved in inhibition of metabolic co-operation between human smooth muscle cells in culture we tested several fatty acids and their breakdown products, namely aldehydes. Unsaturated C-18 fatty acids markedly influenced gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), whereas saturated (C18:0, C16:0) and unsaturated fatty acids with > 20 carbon atoms did not inhibit GJIC. In the case of oleic and elaidic acid, orientation seemed important; however, after exposure to palmitoleic and palmitelaidic acid no differences were found. The most potent inhibitor of GJIC was linoleic acid, which inhibited GJIC by 75%. No correlation was found between degrees of unsaturation and ability to inhibit GJIC. Of the tested aldehydes, hexanal, propanal, butanal and 4-hydroxynonenal did significantly inhibit GJIC, while pentanal had no effect. Since modification of LDL was shown to be important in order for LDL to inhibit GJIC, these results show that fatty acids and their oxidative breakdown products may be of importance for the inhibition of GJIC by LDL.
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PMID:Effect of lipids and aldehydes on gap-junctional intercellular communication between human smooth muscle cells. 831 16

Trans-C18:1 in the diet originate predominantly from partially hydrogenated oils, with beef, mutton and dairy products being an additional source. These fatty acids are absorbed and incorporated into lipids. Their estimated consumption is about 5-7% of total fatty acids, although reliable data are lacking. In addition, large variations between individuals exist. There is no evidence that trans fatty acids accumulate in human tissues. Elaidic acid and its positional isomers do, however, raise LDL cholesterol and apoprotein B and Lp(a) and probably depress HDL cholesterol and apoprotein A-I, compared with the cis isomer, oleic acid. In view of these adverse effects, patients at high risk for atherosclerosis, in addition to reducing their intake of saturated fatty acids and of cholesterol might also do well to avoid excessive intakes of trans fatty acids. Still, trans fatty acids form only a minor component of the diets of most patients and therefore even marked relative reductions in intake will probably have less of an impact on LDL cholesterol than a sizeable reduction in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol will produce.
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PMID:Trans monounsaturated fatty acids in nutrition and their impact on serum lipoprotein levels in man. 841 96


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