Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyzes formation of prostaglandins that contribute to the inflammation in atherosclerosis. Our objective was to study whether the functional C variant of the -765G-->C polymorphism in the human COX-2 gene associates with the severity of coronary atherosclerosis measured at the coronary artery level. The Helsinki sudden death study autopsy material (n = 300) comprised of Finnish men who died suddenly. The area of atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries was quantitated, and coronary narrowing was measured. The occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI) was assessed. Genotyping was by restriction endonuclease analysis. Men carrying the minor C allele had larger areas of complicated lesions (P = .024) and a higher number of coronary arteries that had over 50% stenosis (P = .036) compared to men representing the common GG genotype. The COX-2 polymorphism was not associated with MI. Our data suggest that COX-2 may be involved in plaque growth.
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PMID:COX-2 gene promoter polymorphism and coronary artery disease in middle-aged men: the Helsinki sudden death study. 1838 11

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing globally and is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Longitudinal population studies have found that low testosterone status in men is a risk factor for the later development of metabolic syndrome. Men with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus have a higher incidence of hypotestosteronaemia. Furthermore, in men, testosterone levels are inversely associated with the degree of carotid and aortic atherosclerosis. Early interventional, short-term studies have shown that testosterone replacement therapy has a beneficial effect on visceral obesity, insulin sensitivity, glycaemic control and lipid profiles in men with diagnosed hypogonadism with and without diabetes. The effect of testosterone therapy on atherogenesis in men is unknown; however, animal studies have shown that testosterone is atheroprotective and can ameliorate the degree of atherosclerosis. Testosterone is an arterial vasodilator and has been shown to improve myocardial ischaemia in men with coronary artery disease. This review discusses the role that testosterone may play in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome in men and also examines the potential role of testosterone replacement therapy in this condition.
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PMID:Androgen deficiency as a predictor of metabolic syndrome in aging men: an opportunity for intervention? 1844 1

Fruit and vegetable consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of several diseases including CVD. A part of these effects seen could be linked to anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, although this has not been thoroughly investigated. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of the dietary intake of beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on in vivo biomarkers of inflammation (PGF2alpha, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and IL-6 formation) and oxidative stress (F2-isoprostane formation), the two important factors associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. The dietary intake of 704 participants in the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM) at age 70 years was registered and inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were quantified 7 years later. The registered dietary intakes of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol were negatively associated linearly and in quartiles with both PGF2alpha, hsCRP, IL-6 and F2-isoprostanes, where ascorbic acid intake generally was more strongly associated. Dietary intake of beta-carotene was only significantly negatively associated with F2-isoprostanes. In conclusion, the present study is the first to suggest that the intake of food rich in antioxidants is associated with reduced cyclo-oxygenase- and cytokine-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress at 7 years of follow-up. These associations could be linked to the beneficial effects of fruit and vegetables observed on CVD.
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PMID:Low dietary intake of beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid is associated with increased inflammatory and oxidative stress status in a Swedish cohort. 1907 38

Advances in the management of atherosclerosis risk factors have been dramatic in the previous 10 years. The goal of this study was to evaluate any decrease in age-adjusted incidence of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in a very large database of inpatient admissions from 1988 to 2004. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was used to calculate the age-adjusted rate for STEMI from 1988 to 2004 retrospectively. Specific International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes for MIs consistent with STEMI were used. Patient demographic data were also analyzed and adjusted for age. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database contained 1,352,574 patients >40 years of age who had a diagnosis of STEMI from 1988 to 2004. Mean age for these patients was 66.06 +/- 13.69 years. Men had almost 2 times the age-adjusted STEMI rate as women (men 62.4%, women 37.6%). From 1988 the age-adjusted rate for all acute STEMIs remained steady for 8 years (108.3 per 100,000, 95% confidence interval [CI] 99.0 to 117.5, in 1988 and 102.5 per 100,000, 95% CI 94.7 to 110.4, in 1996). However, from 1996 onward, the age-adjusted incidence of STEMI steadily decreased to 1/2 the incidence of the previous 8 years (50.0 per 100.000, 95% CI 46.5 to 53.5, by 2004, p <0.01). This decrease was similar across various races and genders. In conclusion, the incidence of STEMI was stable from 1988 to 1996, with a steady linear decrease to 1/2 by 2004. The cause of the steady decrease in STEMI rate most likely reflects the advancement in management of patients with atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Rate of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction in the United States from 1988 to 2004 (from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample). 1957 12

This study focuses on the role of sex steroids on the libido, sexual life, emotional and physiological heart of men of all ages. Sex steroids play a significant role throughout a man's life, with a gradual decline in old age. The foetal testis secretes testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone at about nine weeks gestation. At puberty, testosterone increases dramatically in boys. Changes in weight and height of boys across this period are associated with increasing testosterone concentration and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Romantic thoughts, fantasy, and sexual pleasure-seeking behaviour in adolescents are associated with exposure to high androgens secretion. Thus, the libido and sexual life of a man is initiated and maintained by testosterone and SHBG. Lower testosterone levels are associated with erectile dysfunction among other risk factors: diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, psychological stress and obesity. Men with proven coronary atherosclerosis have lower levels of testosterone and SHBG, which have negative correlation with very low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, body mass index and body fat mass. These are some of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Thus, in men, endogenous sex steroids impart beneficial effects on the heart. How exactly endogenous sex steroids act on the heart is not clear. Further study is needed to understand the interaction between endogenous sex steroids, higher centers in the brain and the heart of a man.
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PMID:Hormonal profiles behind the heart of a man. 1965 70

Men and women with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) have higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers than those without PAD. Observational studies link higher levels of several inflammatory biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and soluble adhesion molecules, to 1 or more of the following outcomes in people with PAD: more severe PAD, greater lower extremity functional impairment, more adverse calf skeletal muscle characteristics, greater declines in the ankle brachial index, greater declines in lower extremity performance, and higher rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers are also associated with poorer outcomes after lower extremity revascularization, including graft restenosis and mortality. Increasing levels of CRP are associated with increased mortality and faster functional decline among people with PAD. Statin therapies reduce cardiovascular event rates and may improve walking performance in men and women with PAD, perhaps in part because statins can reduce inflammation. However, no clinical trials have been performed to establish whether therapies that specifically block or lower inflammatory biomarkers improve outcomes in patients with PAD. Family studies show that heritability of PAD ranges from approximately 20% to 45% after adjusting for atherosclerotic risk factors. A genetic marker for PAD has the potential to identify individuals at increased risk for PAD and may also uncover proteins that can help determine mechanisms of development of lower extremity atherosclerosis. However, a genetic marker for PAD has not been identified.
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PMID:The role of biomarkers and genetics in peripheral arterial disease. 1977 62

The prevalence of hypogonadism has been found to be increased in certain chronic illnesses, especially diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Recently, the prevalence of hypogonadism in primary care practices mirrored that in our population of men with erectile dysfunction (ED). In this study, the prevalence of hypogonadism in nearly 1000 men with ED was tabulated, using a retrospective chart review, and analyzed for association with the various contributing medical and psychological factors. The prevalence of hypogonadism was determined in men with a variety of chronic illnesses, and was further characterized by decade. We observed an association between hypertension (P=0.025), tobacco abuse (P=0.0059), sleep apnea (P=0.0001), work stress (P=0.041) and hypogonadism. These data were further analyzed for the odds ratio and confidence interval (Forest plot), which showed strong association for sleep apnea and work stress. We did not observe any significant association between diabetes, atherosclerosis, alcohol abuse, multiple medications, asthma, seizure disorder, anxiety/depression and hypogonadism (P values for Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel general association were 0.48, 0.97, 0.25, 0.69, 0.22, 0.76 and 0.98, respectively). We suggest that a host of chronic illnesses have a high prevalence of secondary hypogonadism. Men who have chronic medical or psychological illnesses should have their testosterone level checked, especially when sexual dysfunction symptoms or signs are present.
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PMID:Hypogonadism in men with erectile dysfunction may be related to a host of chronic illnesses. 1979 59

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the main cause of death in Brazil. Men die more of coronary artery disease and they have higher levels of testosterone than women. However, recent studies indicate that androgens can have beneficial and/or neutral effect in the male cardiovascular system. Low levels of endogenous testosterone have been involved with the presence of some components of the metabolic syndrome including dyslipidemia, visceral obesity, hypertension and thrombus formation process. Consistent data on the relationship between testosterone and vascular reactivity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality in men are rare, with the results of available studies presenting contradictions. Large randomized and prospective trials are needed to evaluate androgen-specific function in male CVD so that better conclusions can be established.
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PMID:[Serum testosterone and cardiovascular disease in men]. 2012 43

Introduction. Plasma chitotriosidase (ChT) activity is associated with the presence of atherosclerosis and is a new cardiovascular risk marker. Although available evidence supports its role in atherogenesis, there is a lack of an obvious correlation between plasma ChT activity and erectile dysfunction (ED). Aim. Our aim was to investigate the association of the level of serum ChT activity with ED. Main Outcome Measures. Erectile function was assessed using Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM). Serum fasting lipid profile (plasma total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides); sex hormones (luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, total testosterone, and estradiol); and thyroid-stimulating hormone were measured. Plasma ChT activity, as well as K(m), V(max), optimum pH, and heat stability of the ChT were also assessed. Penile duplex ultrasound examination before and after intracavernous injection of 20 microg prostaglandin E1 (PGE(1)), pudendal nerve conduction tests and sensory-evoked potential studies were done to identify patients with arteriogenic ED. Intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque formation of common carotid artery were determined bilaterally using B-mode ultrasonography. Methods. A total of 124 normolipidemic patients with ED and 120 healthy controls were recruited for this study. Results. Serum ChT activity in patients with ED (116 +/- 18 nmol/h/mL) was significantly higher than in normal control subjects (51 +/- 12 nmol/h/mL) (P < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between plasma ChT activity and (i) severity of ED and (ii) duration of ED (r = 0.68, P = 0.004; and r = 0.62, P = 0.01 respectively).We also found that all ChT kinetic parameters assessed (K(m), V(max), and optimum pH) in plasma of ED patients were significantly different from those of normal controls (all P < 0.001). The results of heat stability analysis, demonstrated that plasma ChT activity in the normal individuals was more stable than in the patients with arteriogenic ED (P < 0.001). A significant correlation was seen between the plasma ChT activity and the mean common carotid IMT (r = 0.78, P = 0.002). Moreover, a significant correlation was seen between the severity of ED and mean common carotid IMT (r = 0.74, P = 0.003). We did not address chitotriosidase genotype. Conclusions. Our results indicate that plasma ChT activity is increased in normolipidemic patients with arteriogenic ED, suggesting its possible role in the pathophysiology of arteriogenic ED. The clinical significance of this increase should be assessed in further studies. Safarinejad MR, and Safarinejad SH. Plasma chitotriosidase activity and arteriogenic erectile dysfunction: Association with the presence, severity, and duration. J Sex Med **;**:**-**.
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PMID:Plasma Chitotriosidase Activity and Arteriogenic Erectile Dysfunction: Association with the Presence, Severity, and Duration. 2013 8

This study investigated relationships between alcohol intake and multiple risk factors for atherosclerosis in smokers and nonsmokers. Men aged 35 to 54 years (n = 27 005) were divided into 6 groups by ethanol intake. The prevalence of multiple (>or=3 or >or=4) risk factors, including obesity, high blood pressure, high total cholesterol, triglyceride and fasting blood glucose, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, was compared among the groups in smokers and nonsmokers. Smokers and nonsmokers showed U- and J-shaped relationships, respectively, between alcohol intake and prevalence of multiple risk factors. Odds ratios of drinkers versus nondrinkers for multiple risk factors were significantly low in very light, light, moderate, and heavy drinkers in smokers and were significantly low in light and moderate drinkers but not in very low and heavy drinkers in nonsmokers. There is a U- or J-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and multiple risk factors for atherosclerosis, and this relationship is modified by smoking.
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PMID:Associations between alcohol drinking and multiple risk factors for atherosclerosis in smokers and nonsmokers. 2021 36


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