Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Atherosclerosis is the main cause of death in diabetes mellitus. This may at least in part be due to lipoprotein abnormalities which have been described in these patients. Apolipoprotein-E is a component of most lipoprotein fractions and plays an important role in the catabolism of VLDL. The different apolipoprotein-E phenotypes determined genetically are associated with certain hyperlipoproteinemias in a various degree in nondiabetic patients. In most cases apolipoprotein-E phenotype E2/2 is characteristic for familial dysbetalipoproteinemia. Phenotype E3/2 was found to be more frequent in hypertriglyceridemia while phenotype E4/3 was associated with hypercholesterolemia as well as with type V hyperlipoproteinemia. We studied apolipoprotein-E phenotypes and serum lipids in 141 type II diabetic patients (36 normolipidemic 41 type IIa hyperlipidemic, 32 type IIb hyperlipidemic, 24 type II hyperlipidemic, 8 type V hyperlipidemic). the phenotype E3/3 was more common in normolipidemic diabetic (77.8%) than in hyperlipoproteinemic diabetic patients (42.9%) or in the control group (57.5%). On the other hand phenotype E3/2 was more frequent in hypertriglyceridemic (50%) than in normolipidemic (5.6%) or hypercholesterolemic (hyperlipoproteinemia IIa: 4.9%, IIb: 9.4%) diabetic patients. The phenotype E4/3 was more frequent in all hyperlipoproteinemic diabetic patients, especially in those having hypercholesterolemia (34.2%) or mixed hyperlipidemia (50%). In conclusion we found a strong association between apo-E2 and hypertriglyceridemia in diabetic patients. This association was stronger than the one found in the general population. The association between apo-E4 and hypercholesterolemia in diabetic patients was similar to the one described in non-diabetic patients. We therefore conclude that type II diabetes mellitus is a possible cofactor in the apolipoprotein-E2 associated hyperlipoproteinemia.
 ...
PMID:Apolipoprotein E phenotype frequency in type II diabetic patients with different forms of hyperlipoproteinemia. 227 5

The JCR:LA-corpulent male rat, when homozygous for the cp gene (cp/cp) is hyperlipidemic and prone to atherosclerosis. Both male and female cp/cp rats have markedly elevated serum levels of triacylglycerols and phospholipids [Dolphin, P.J. et al. 1987. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 919: 140-148]. In the present study, monolayer cultures of hepatocytes were prepared from male and female, corpulent and lean, rats. There was a marked hypersecretion of all very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) lipid and apoprotein components from corpulent-derived cells. The increased secretion most likely accounts for the increased levels of VLDL lipids and apoproteins previously observed in serum. In contrast, there was no difference between the corpulent and lean hepatocytes in their secretion of high density lipoprotein (HDL) lipids and apoproteins. The difference in triacylglycerol secretion between the lean and corpulent cells was sustained even when the cells were cultured for 24, 48, and 72 h prior to the experiment, by which time the hormonal differences between the corpulent and lean animals would have been largely eliminated. The magnitude of the difference in triacyglycerol secretion did not diminish with increasing time in culture. The biochemical basis responsible for the hypersecretion of VLDL has not yet been established. However, preliminary results suggest that there is an inherent difference in glycerolipid metabolism in the two types of hepatocytes.
 ...
PMID:Hypersecretion of VLDL, but not HDL, by hepatocytes from the JCR:LA-corpulent rat. 228 Jan 89

In 62 patients with diabetes mellitus type II, 22 patients with obesity I degree and 40 patients with normal body mass (28 with ischemic heart disease and 12 without ischemic heart disease) the blood sugar profile and the composition of the high density lipoproteins (HDL) were examined. In decompensated diabetes mellitus type II reduction of cholesterol and phospholipid contents of HDL and of apoprotein A were found. With compensation of the carbohydrate metabolism the composition of HDL becomes normal. In the obese diabetics the changes of these indices are more pronounced. In diabetic patients with ischemic heart disease the cholesterol and phospholipid contents and that of apoprotein A in HDL are lower than those in diabetic patients without ischemic heart disease. These data show that changes of HDL in diabetes mellitus favor the development of atherosclerosis changes.
 ...
PMID:[Changes in the high-density lipoprotein level in patients with diabetes mellitus type II]. 228 7

The authors studied the distribution of apoprotein E (apoE) in normal and atherosclerotic human aortic wall. Double immunofluorescent technique and a set of mono- and polyclonal antibodies were used in the study. Apo E was found in normal intima of every aorta taken from people over 20 years of age and in vessels of some adolescents. The protein was localized extracellularly and was noted in some portion of macrophages but not in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of human aorta. The accumulation of apo E increased in lipid strips and was particularly high in acellular zone of the atherosclerotic plaque. This effect may be due to the retention of apo E by changed sulfated glycosaminoglycans of aortic connective tissue. The accumulation of apo E in the vessel wall may have an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
 ...
PMID:[The localization of apoprotein E in the normal human aortic wall and in atherosclerosis]. 228 64

Plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDLC) and LDL cholesterol (LDLC), triacylglycerols (TG) and apoprotein (apo) A-I, A-II and B were measured in 516 women in the early puerperium. Different lipid plasma values (TC: 5.98 +/- 1.17 mmol/l, LDLC: 3.79 +/- 1.12 mmol/l, apo B: 108 +/- 24 mg/dl) and ratios (LDLC/HDLC: 2.85 +/- 1.09) were significantly (p less than 0.02) lower after the first pregnancy (n = 209) than after five or more pregnancies (n = 15) (TC: 6.50 +/- 2.10 mmol/l, LDLC: 4.36 +/- 1.97 mmol/l, apo B 130 +/- 50 mg/dl, LDLC/HDLC: 3.44 +/- 0.89). The opposite was true for the HDLC/TC ratio which was significantly lower (p less than 0.02) after five or more pregnancies (20.0 +/- 3.5) than after the first pregnancy (24.1 +/- 6.6). We also found a significant correlation (p less than 0.02) between the TC, LDLC, apo B and LDLC/HDLC ratio levels and parity. Other factors which could interfere with lipid metabolism (diet, body/mass index smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake) were not different between the various parity groups. Hence, we could not find a reason for the lipid elevation after the subsequent pregnancies. Although the higher lipid levels in puerperium of multipara should indicate a higher risk for progression of atherosclerosis, we need more studies before to conclude that multiparity influences the risk for coronary heart disease.
 ...
PMID:Influence of parity on plasma lipid levels. 231 15

Dyslipoproteinemia, a risk factor for atherosclerosis, has been described in anorexia nervosa (AN). To assess whether dyslipoproteinemia is present in our AN population, and to investigate the effect of controlled refeeding, we prospectively examined lipid profiles in 16 hospitalized adolescents with anorexia nervosa on admission and at discharge with a body weight of 90% of ideal. Healthy high school females served as controls. Total cholesterol concentration was not different from controls at either time, and there was no change with weight restoration. Triglyceride levels decreased significantly with treatment, and at discharge, levels were significantly lower than controls. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels increased significantly with weight gain, and were significantly higher than controls at discharge. Apoprotein A1, the major structural protein of high-density lipoprotein, was also significantly higher among the AN patients after weight gain. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) values did not change, but apoprotein B was significantly higher than controls at discharge. The dyslipoproteinemia demonstrated in our patients was characterized by elevated HDL-C and apoprotein A levels with normal LDL-C and low triglyceride concentrations. These changes were accentuated by restoring body weight.
 ...
PMID:Effect of weight restoration on the dyslipoproteinemia of anorexia nervosa. 235 86

Fish oils rich in n - 3 fatty acids (FAs) have been shown to markedly lower levels of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), but not the low density lipoproteins (LDL) which are derived from VLDL. Changes in the size and chemical composition of lipoproteins may affect their metabolism. In order to examine the effects of n - 3 FAs on lipoprotein metabolism, 6 patients with hypertriglyceridemia were given 6 g n - 3 FAs/day. Plasma lipid and apoprotein (apo A-I, A-II, B, E, C-II, C-III) levels (mg/dl) were measured before and after 4 weeks of treatment. Changes in lipoprotein size were assessed by gel chromatography. n - 3 FAs lowered VLDL cholesterol (58 +/- 35 to 40 +/- 30, P less than 0.01) and total triglyceride (410 +/- 170 to 236 +/- 114, P less than 0.01). In spite of this, LDL cholesterol levels did not decrease, and apo B levels increased (98 +/- 28 to 111 +/- 27, P less than 0.05). HDL cholesterol rose (31 +/- 5 to 34 +/- 7, P less than 0.05). The lipid content of smaller VLDL particles was reduced by over 40%, but the protein content was largely unchanged. Large triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles were reduced to a greater extent than were small particles. These changes in VLDL particle size and composition may enhance the synthesis of LDL in hypertriglyceridemic patients taking n - 3 FA supplements.
Atherosclerosis 1990 Jun
PMID:Changes in lipoprotein composition in hypertriglyceridemic patients taking cholesterol-free fish oil supplements. 237 88

The very low- and low-density lipoprotein fractions were isolated from 16 normolipidaemic Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients in good to fair glycaemic control and from corresponding age-, sex-, and race-matched, non-diabetic control subjects. Rates of cholesteryl ester synthesis averaged 268 +/- 31 vs 289 +/- 40 pmol 14C-cholesteryl oleate.mg cell protein-1.20 h-1 for very low- and 506 +/- 34 vs 556 +/- 51 pmol 14C-cholesteryl oleate.mg cell protein-1.20 h-1 for low-density lipoproteins isolated from the Type 2 diabetic patients and control subjects, respectively, when they were incubated with human macrophages. A group of approximately one-third of the patients was selected for separate analyses because very low-density lipoproteins isolated from these patients did stimulate more cholesteryl ester synthesis when incubated with macrophages. There were no significant differences in the lipid composition of the lipoproteins isolated from the three groups of subjects. The relative proportion of apoprotein C to apoprotein E was significantly decreased (p less than 0.002) in the very low-density lipoproteins from diabetic patients and was further decreased in samples from these selected diabetic patients. The apoprotein C-I content of very low-density lipoproteins isolated from diabetic patients was increased compared to control subjects and was further increased in samples from the selected diabetic patients (p less than 0.02). There were no significant differences in the proportions of apoproteins C-III-0, C-III-1, or C-III-2 among the three groups. These studies suggest that in normolipidaemic Type 2 diabetic patients, the apoprotein composition of VLDL is abnormal and this may alter VLDL macrophage interactions and thus contribute to the increased prevalence of atherosclerosis in diabetic patients.
 ...
PMID:Metabolism of very low- and low-density lipoproteins isolated from normolipidaemic type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients by human monocyte-derived macrophages. 237 1

Diets currently used to produce atherosclerotic lesions in mice are often undefined and cause accumulation of fat in the liver and gallstone formation. Therefore, synthetic low and high fat diets of known composition were formulated in this study. A synthetic diet containing 50% sucrose, 15% cocoa butter, 1% cholesterol, and 0.5% sodium cholate was found to produce a depression in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and an elevation of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the atherosclerosis-susceptible strain, C57BL/6J. This diet was able to consistently produce aortic lesions and led to a decrease in liver damage and gallstone formation. The synthetic low fat diet did not produce HDL-C levels as high as those found in mice fed chow, but resulted in similar VLDL/LDL-C levels. Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein parameters were compared in C57BL/6J and the atherosclerosis-resistant strain, C3H/HeJ, consuming the synthetic low fat or high fat diets. As reported earlier, when consuming a high fat diet C57BL/6J mice have significantly lower HDL-C and apoA-I levels than C3H/HeJ mice. Further analysis shows that the molar ratio of plasma HDL-C to apoA-I is significantly lower in C57BL/6J mice, suggesting that HDL in the susceptible strain has a lower cholesterol-carrying capacity. This conclusion is consistent with the observation that the HDL particle size is smaller for C57BL/6J mice than for C3H/HeJ. Both strains increased their apoE levels when fed the synthetic high fat diet, but C3H/HeJ mice had higher levels of apoE on both diets. The major response to consumption of the high fat diet for both strains was an increase in apoB-48 from 5 micrograms/ml on a low fat diet to 54 and 109 micrograms/ml for C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ, respectively. ApoB-100 showed minimal response to the high fat diet. The defined high fat diet can be used to study atherosclerosis in the mouse since it produces aortic lesions but reduces or eliminates other pathological changes such as gallstone formation and liver damage.
 ...
PMID:Synthetic low and high fat diets for the study of atherosclerosis in the mouse. 238 Jun 34

The possibility of selective removal of VLDL, IDL and LDL by double filtration (DF) and dextran-sulfate cellulose (DSC) column plasmapheresis was investigated in hypercholesterolemia. Two and a half liters of plasma were treated. Sixty six percent of TC and 68% of LDL-C were removed by DF plasmapheresis. The removal rate of HDL-C was 50% which was significantly lower than that of LDL-C. The removal rate of apoprotein A-I and A-II was also significantly lower than that of apoprotein B. Sixty percent of LDL-C and 61% of apoprotein B were removed by DSC column plasmapheresis while the decrease of HDL-C, apoprotein A-I and A-II was minimal. Therefore, DSC column plasmapheresis could remove atherogenic lipoproteins more selectively than DF plasmapheresis.
Atherosclerosis 1986 Apr
PMID:Comparison of selectivity of LDL removal by double filtration and dextran-sulfate cellulose column plasmapheresis. 242 96


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>