Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previous studies suggest that estrogen may prevent expression of cell adhesion molecules implicated in vascular inflammation associated with atherosclerosis. We demonstrate the interaction and reciprocal interference of estrogen receptors (ERs) with p65, the nuclear factor-kappaB component, in smooth muscle cells that express ERalpha and ERss after exposure to 17ss-estradiol for 48 to 72 hours. ER and p65 do not associate directly, as shown by lack of coprecipitation, but instead compete for limiting amounts of p300, a close relative of the CREB-binding protein. Overexpressed p300 significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of ER on p65-dependent transcription as well as the inhibitory effect of p65 on ER-dependent transcription. These actions were ligand-dependent. The expression of both ER and nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent reporter genes was partially rescued from ER/p65 mutual inhibition by transient transfection of smooth muscle cells with a p300 expression vector. These actions of 17ss-estradiol may play an important role in the cytokine-induced expression of immune and inflammatory genes implicated in atherogenesis.
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PMID:Competition for p300 regulates transcription by estrogen receptors and nuclear factor-kappaB in human coronary smooth muscle cells. 1109 May 45

Coactivators such as cyclic AMP-response-element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) and p300/CBP associated factor (P/CAF) play a crucial role in coordinating and cointegrating eukaryotic transcription. One of the recent paradigms in the eukaryotic transcription field is the finding of molecular basis of coactivator function. The well characterized coactivators such as CBP and P/CAF have been proposed to coactivate/cointegrate gene expression with many transcription activators through two mechanisms. One is complex formation with the components with basal transcriptional machinery. Another is its intrinsic and associated enzymatic activity, which transfers an acetyl-base to the epsilon ( epsilon ) portion of lysine-residues in histones and certain nuclear proteins (factor acetyltransferases; FATs), such as p53, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (LEF), and transcription factor IIE (TFIIE), which often results in increased transcriptional activity. Recently, the status of hyper nuclear acetylation (HNA) has been thought to influence proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Furthermore, recent reports showed that histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity is increased in human disease, such as cancer and atherosclerosis, and studies have shown associations between nuclear acetylation/deacetylation and cell proliferation/differentiation.
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PMID:Hyper nuclear acetylation (HNA) in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. 1272 76

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma and its ligands suppress several genes related to atherogenesis. We previously reported that ligand-activated PPAR-gamma suppressed angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) gene transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by the inhibition of Sp1 binding to the --58/--34 GC-box related element in the AT1R gene promoter region via a protein-protein interaction. It has been reported that the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway inhibits PPAR-gamma function through its phosphorylation, and co-activator CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300 interacts with PPAR-gamma and modulates its activity. Since both the MAP kinase pathway and CBP have recently been reported to be atherogenic, we examined their effects on PPAR-gamma-mediated AT1R gene transcription suppression. We observed that 1) PPAR-gamma-mediated AT1R gene transcription suppression was augmented by treatment with the MAP kinase kinase inhibitor PD98059, while treatment with the p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580 showed no effect; 2) the PPAR-gamma-mediated AT1R mRNA decrease was also augmented by PD98059 treatment; 3) CBP overexpression partially, but significantly, abrogated PPAR-gamma-mediated AT1R gene transcription suppression; and 4) the CBP effect was eliminated when the --58/--34 GC-box related element was disrupted. It is therefore speculated that: 1) PPAR-gamma phosphorylation by the MAP kinase pathway may attenuate PPAR-gamma-mediated AT1R gene transcription suppression through the inhibition of PPAR-gamma activity; and 2) CBP may enhance the activity of the remaining Sp1 on the --58/--34 GC-box related element, resulting in a reduction in PPAR-gamma-mediated AT1R gene transcription suppression. The MAP kinase pathway and CBP may thus antagonize against PPAR-gamma in AT1R gene transcription, probably leading to the progression of atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and co-activator CREP-binding protein on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-mediated transcription suppression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene. 1456 1

The staggerer mice carry a deletion in the RORalpha gene and have a prolonged humoral response, overproduce inflammatory cytokines, and are immunodeficient. Furthermore, the staggerer mice display lowered plasma apoA-I/-II, decreased plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, and develop hypo-alpha-lipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis. However, relatively little is known about RORalpha in the context of target tissues, target genes, and lipid homeostasis. For example, RORalpha is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle, a major mass peripheral tissue that accounts for approximately 40% of total body weight and 50% of energy expenditure. This lean tissue is a primary site of glucose disposal and fatty acid oxidation. Consequently, muscle has a significant role in insulin sensitivity, obesity, and the blood-lipid profile. In particular, the role of RORalpha in skeletal muscle metabolism has not been investigated, and the contribution of skeletal muscle to the ROR-/- phenotype has not been resolved. We utilize ectopic dominant negative RORalpha expression in skeletal muscle cells to understand the regulatory role of RORs in this major mass peripheral tissue. Exogenous dominant negative RORalpha expression in skeletal muscle cells represses the endogenous levels of RORalpha and -gamma mRNAs and ROR-dependent gene expression. Moreover, we observed attenuated expression of many genes involved in lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, we show that the muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and caveolin-3 promoters are directly regulated by ROR and coactivated by p300 and PGC-1. This study implicates RORs in the control of lipid homeostasis in skeletal muscle. In conclusion, we speculate that ROR agonists would increase fatty acid catabolism in muscle and suggest selective activators of ROR may have therapeutic utility in the treatment of obesity and atherosclerosis.
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PMID:RORalpha regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid homeostasis in skeletal muscle cells: caveolin-3 and CPT-1 are direct targets of ROR. 1519 55

Activation of macrophages is important in chronic inflammatory disease states such as atherosclerosis. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or tumor necrosis factor-alpha can promote macrophage activation. Conversely, anti-inflammatory factors such as transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) can decrease proinflammatory activation. The molecular mediators regulating the balance of these opposing effectors remain incompletely understood. Herein, we identify Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) as being markedly induced in response to IFN-gamma, LPS, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha and decreased by TGF-beta1 in macrophages. Overexpression of KLF4 in J774a macrophages induced the macrophage activation marker inducible nitric-oxide synthase and inhibited the TGF-beta1 and Smad3 target gene plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Conversely, KLF4 knockdown markedly attenuated the ability of IFN-gamma, LPS, or IFN-gamma plus LPS to induce the iNOS promoter, whereas it augmented macrophage responsiveness to TGF-beta1 and Smad3 signaling. The KLF4 induction of the iNOS promoter is mediated by two KLF DNA-binding sites at -95 and -212 bp, and mutation of these sites diminished induction by IFN-gamma and LPS. We further provide evidence that KLF4 interacts with the NF-kappaB family member p65 (RelA) to cooperatively induce the iNOS promoter. In contrast, KLF4 inhibited the TGF-beta1/Smad3 induction of the PAI-1 promoter independent of KLF4 DNA binding through a novel antagonistic competition with Smad3 for the C terminus of the coactivator p300/CBP. These findings support an important role for KLF4 as a regulator of key signaling pathways that control macrophage activation.
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PMID:Kruppel-like factor 4 is a mediator of proinflammatory signaling in macrophages. 1616 48

The Werner syndrome helicase (WRN) participates in DNA replication, double strand break repair, telomere maintenance, and p53 activation. Mutations of wrn cause Werner syndrome (WS), an autosomal recessive premature aging disorder associated with cancer predisposition, atherosclerosis, and other aging related symptoms. Here, we report that WRN is a novel cofactor for HIV-1 replication. Immortalized human WRN(-/-) WS fibroblasts, lacking a functional wrn gene, are impaired for basal and Tat-activated HIV-1 transcription. Overexpression of wild-type WRN transactivates the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) in the absence of Tat, and WRN cooperates with Tat to promote high-level LTR transactivation. Ectopic WRN induces HIV-1 p24(Gag) production and retroviral replication in HIV-1-infected H9(HIV-1IIIB) lymphocytes. A dominant-negative helicase-minus mutant, WRN(K577M), inhibits LTR transactivation and HIV-1 replication. Inhibition of endogenous WRN, through co-expression of WRN(K577M), diminishes recruitment of p300/CREB-binding protein-associated factor (PCAF) and positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) to Tat/transactivation response-RNA complexes, and immortalized WRN(-/-) WS fibroblasts exhibit comparable defects in recruitment of PCAF and P-TEFb to the HIV-1 LTR. Our results demonstrate that WRN is a novel cellular cofactor for HIV-1 replication and suggest that the WRN helicase participates in the recruitment of PCAF/P-TEFb-containing transcription complexes. WRN may be a plausible target for antiretroviral therapy.
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PMID:The Werner syndrome helicase is a cofactor for HIV-1 long terminal repeat transactivation and retroviral replication. 1731 67

Cytokine-induced expression of adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin, on activated endothelial cells (EC) plays an essential role in the development of inflammatory diseases like atherosclerosis. Transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) is mainly responsible for the induced expression of these adhesion molecules in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. The mechanisms that maintain EC in a "basal" state and negatively regulate EC activation remain to be characterized. HOXA9 is a homeobox transcription factor expressed in EC and its expression is rapidly down-regulated in response to inflammatory signals. In the present study, we demonstrate that HOXA9 overexpression inhibits the induction of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. HOXA9 inhibits the adhesion molecule expression by inhibiting NF-kappaB dependent transcriptional activation of these promoters. HOXA9 inhibits EC activation downstream of NF-kappaB nuclear localization by interfering with NF-kappaB DNA binding, but not transactivation capacity. Trichostatin A (TSA) rescues HOXA9 mediated suppression of NF-kappaB activity, but HOXA9 interaction with p300 is not responsible for inhibition of EC activation. Thus, our results suggest involvement of HOXA9 in maintaining the "basal" state of EC and demonstrate that downregulation of HOXA9 is an essential event during EC activation in response to inflammatory signals.
Atherosclerosis 2007 Dec
PMID:Homeobox gene HOXA9 inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B dependent activation of endothelium. 1758 12

Although nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and subsequent binding to promoters of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 have been shown to be decisive for their expression, a number of discrepancies in the expression patterns of these adhesion molecules have been reported in both cell culture systems and disease settings, including atherosclerosis, asthma, and autoimmune diseases. Here we show that while p65 NF-kappaB nuclear translocation in TNF-treated smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was sufficient for the expression of VCAM-1, expression of ICAM-1 showed a critical requirement for PARP-1. I-kappaBalpha phosphorylation and subsequent degradation were virtually identical in both TNF-treated wild-type and PARP-1-/- SMCs. VCAM-1 expression in TNF-treated PARP-1-/- SMCs was completely inhibited by the NF-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, confirming that VCAM-1 expression was indeed NF-kappaB-dependent. The expression of both VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 was associated with a transient interaction between PARP-1 and p65 NF-kappaB when examined in the fibroblastic cell line, COS-7, and in the airway epithelial cell line, A549. Such interactions were confirmed using florescence resonance energy transfer analysis. Protein acetylation activity, mediated by p300/CBP, was required for both VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in TNF-treated SMCs; however, the interaction of PARP-1 with p300/CBP was dispensable for VCAM-1 expression. These findings indicate that p65 NF-kappaB nuclear translocation may be sufficient for certain genes (e.g., VCAM-1) while insufficient for others (e.g., ICAM-1), thus providing a novel insight into the role of NF-kappaB in driving target gene expression. Furthermore, the data suggest a differential requirement for PARP-1 expression in inflammatory processes.
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PMID:Nuclear translocation of p65 NF-kappaB is sufficient for VCAM-1, but not ICAM-1, expression in TNF-stimulated smooth muscle cells: Differential requirement for PARP-1 expression and interaction. 1799 61

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a polyphenol responsible for the yellow color of the curry spice turmeric. It has been used in a variety of diseases in traditional medicine. Modern scientific research has demonstrated its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-thrombotic, and cardiovascular protective effects. In this review, we focused mainly on the effects of curcumin on the cardiovascular system. The antioxidant effects of curcumin have been shown to attenuate adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity and may prevent diabetic cardiovascular complications. The anti-thrombotic, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin and the effect of curcumin in decreasing the serum cholesterol level may protect against the pathological changes occurring with atherosclerosis. The p300-HAT inhibitory effects of curcumin have been demonstrated to ameliorate the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in animal models. The inflammatory effects of curcumin may have the possibility of preventing atrial arrhythmias and the possible effect of curcumin for correcting the Ca(2+) homeostasis may play a role in the prevention of some ventricular arrhythmias. The preclinical studies from animal to clinical data in human are discussed.
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PMID:The protective role of curcumin in cardiovascular diseases. 1923 93

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factor which directly modulate gene expression by binding to specific agonists. It has been reported that PPARalpha controls lipid metabolism, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. PPARalpha activation by PPARalpha agonist can ultimately reduce the progression of atherosclerosis and decrease the incidence of coronary heart disease. In this study, we optimized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems in order to screen putative PPARalpha agonists. These methods are based on the activation mechanism of PPARalpha where the ligand binding to PPARalpha induces the interaction of the receptor with transcriptional co-activators. Among co-activators such as SRC-1, TIF-2, and p300, although ligand-unbound PPARalpha had more strong binding with p300 at a lower concentrations of PPARalpha, ligand-bound PPARalpha had more specific and strong binding with SRC-1. We optimized and developed a novel and useful ELISA system to screen PPARalpha agonists. Wy14,643 and linoleic acid, the well-known PPARalpha ligands, increased the binding between PPARalpha and co-activators in a ligand dose-dependent manner. In this ELISA method to screen PPARalpha ligands, the use of specific anti-PPARalpha N-terminus antibody, full-length recombinant protein of human PPARalpha but not ligand-binding domain (LBD) of human PPARalpha, and his-tagged PPARalpha recombinant proteins but not GST-fused PPARalpha recombinant proteins is the critical factors. Development of this screening system may be useful in the discovery of PPARalpha ligands from various candidates such as chemical library and phytochemicals.
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PMID:Optimization of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to screen ligand of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. 1926 63


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