Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Survival times of chromium-51 platelets and iodine-125 fibrinogen were determined in 58 men with documented coronary atherosclerosis. Compared with findings in a control group of 28 men of similar age, mean platelet survival time was selectively shortened (6.8 +/- 1.8 [standard deviation] days versus 9.0 +/- 1.0 days; P less than 0.0001) without a decrease in fibrinogen survival time. More than half of the patients (31 of 58) had a platelet survival time of less than 7.0 days (2 standard deviations from the mean survival time in control subjects). Mean platelet survival time improved toward normal in nine patients after coronary revascularization (preoperative 5.1 +/- 0.9 days, postoperative 7.1 +/- 1.5 days; P less 0.001) and in 13 patients after administration of dipyridamole and acetylsalicylate (4.8 +/- 0.5 days versus 7.0 +/- 0.8 days; P less than 0.001). We conclude that selective platelet consumption occurs in atherosclerotic coronary vessels of some patients and that medical or surgical intervention may inhibit this process.
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PMID:Platelet and fibrinogen survival in coronary atherosclerosis. Response to medical and surgical therapy. 84 46

The urinary exretion of chromium was studied for relationships to atherosclerotic diseases in two rural Finnish male populations, aged 55 to 74; one from eastern Finland, the other from the southwestern part of the country. A 10-year follow-up had shown a particularly high mortality from coronary heart disease in the eastern area where the concentrations of chromium in the drinking water were lower than in the western area. The 24-hr urinary excretions of chromium of the two populations were markedly low (east, mean +/- SEM, 3.60 +/- 0.15 microgram; west, 3.74 +/- 0.13 microgram), suggesting a suboptimal chromium intake in both populations. No consistent differences were found in urinary chromium excretions between groups with atherosclerotic diseases and reference groups. The role of low chromium intake in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis deserves further study.
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PMID:Urinary chromium excretion and atherosclerotic manifestations in two Finnish male populations. 88 61

Chromium is an essential trace element in mammals since dietary chromium deficiency results in glucose intolerance due to decreased sensitivity to insulin. In humans, both adults and children with glucose intolerance have been improved by treatment with chromium. Furthermore, chromium deficiency has been implicated as a causative factor in hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. However, little is known of the metabolism of chromium in humans, primarily because of analytical difficulties. The biologically active form of chromium is the "glucose tolerance factor" (GTF) which is a co-ordination complex of trivalent chromium with nicotinic acid and certain amino acids. At physiological pH, ionic chromium as a simple inorganic salt is insoluble in water, but trivalent chromium forms stable complexes with ascorbic acid, amino acids and other substances present in blood and tissue. Chromium is present in serum, bound to protein and also as dialysable or ultrafiltrable chromium (free chromium). The free chromium includes G.T.F. and other coordination complexes and represents the metabolically active form of the element; the ratio free/protein bound chromium in serum varies within the individual according to the diet and the metabolic state.
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PMID:The measurement of volatile chromium in biological materials. 91 55

The known effects of trivalent chromium (Cr) in lowering blood levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL), raising high density lipoproteins (HDL) and improving glucose tolerance are summarised. Chromium deficiency cannot easily be established by direct means, but can be inferred by the reversal of symptoms and signs following the administration of trivalent chromium. This evidence can be supported by knowledge or suspicion of a deficiency in the diet, common in those who use highly refined cereal foods. It is considered that the beneficial effects of chromium repletion are now so well established and the trivalent form is so free of toxicity that it should now be used in clinical medicine for the benefit of those with some forms of diabetes and its complications and those suffering from atherosclerosis. Of perhaps more importance is the public health aspect, since most chromium is discarded in the cereal refinement process, we now have added evidence for a return to the diets in which complex carbohydrates predominated. In those who refuse or are unable to do this, possibly the addition of chromium to their drinking water may be of value.
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PMID:Trivalent chromium, in atherosclerosis and diabetes. 180 47

In theory, pulses of laser light in the 2-microns range should ablate tissue in a manner similar to that of the 10.6-microns CO2 laser with the added advantage of efficient transmission through flexible quartz fibers. Using 200-microseconds pulses of 2.15-microns thulium-holmium-chromium:YAG (THC:YAG) laser light, we were able to create 700-microns-diameter holes through calcific atherosclerosis in vitro. In vivo evaluation of thrombogenicity and healing was accomplished by exposing the luminal surface of rabbit aortas to the THC:YAG laser. Serial histologic examinations of laser-treated rabbit aortae revealed a time course of resolution of the lesions which was very similar to that observed with like-sized lesions created with the same amount of continuous wave CO2 energy. No significant differences in thrombogenicity nor healing response were noted. The excellent in vivo response observed is due in part to the pulsed nature of the THC:YAG laser output as well as to the efficient tissue absorption at the 2.15-microns wavelength. We feel that excellent ablative effects with minimal collateral thermal damage can be obtained through fiberoptic delivery systems by taking advantage of laser wavelengths corresponding to the infrared absorption peak of water in the 2-microns region and pulsed delivery of the laser energy.
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PMID:A fiberoptic compatible midinfrared laser with CO2 laser-like effect: application to atherosclerosis. 251 80

The authors report numerous experimental and clinical studies relating deficiency of chromium in the organism and atherosclerosis. They hope new researches to compute the pool of chromium in the organism and the validity and possibility to utilize this oligoelement in prevention of atherosclerosis.
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PMID:[Chromium and atherosclerosis]. 353 81

A dietary survey was conducted in 1980 in connection with the Multicentre Study on Atherosclerosis Precursors in Finnish Children in five urban and 12 rural communes in various parts of Finland. 1,768 children aged 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 years were interviewed using the 48 hour recall method. Food consumption, and the intakes of energy and 49 nutrients were calculated. The intakes of energy and most nutrients increased in the successive age groups until the age of 15 years. There were only small differences in the diet of children belonging to different social classes. Protein accounted for 14% of total energy intake, fat for 38%, total carbohydrate for 48%, and sucrose for 10%. The ratio of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the diet (P/S) was 0.24 for the whole material, which is higher than found in previous studies in Finland. The P/S ratio was higher in urban areas and West Finland than in rural areas and in East Finland. The share of fat of energy intake exceeded the recommendation given by the Ministry of Health and the P/S ratio was lower than recommended. The mean daily intakes of energy and vitamins met the recommendations. Of the mineral elements, the intakes of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and manganese were abundant. The intakes of iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum and chromium were lower than recommended in most age groups and the intakes of selenium and fluorine in all age groups. The large share of refined foods in the children's diet was the main reason for the low nutrient densities.
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PMID:Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. VIII. Food consumption and nutrient intakes. 386 23

The effect of intraperitoneal injections of potassium chromate on prevention and regression of atherosclerosis was observed in New Zealand White rabbits. In rabbits fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 90 days, potassium chromate injection was not associated with a significant difference in weight, serum cholesterol, total cholesterol content per 8.5 cm aorta, cholesterol content per gram of aorta or percent intima covered with plaque compared to controls. Similarly, significant differences were not seen in rabbits fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 90 days followed by 60 days of potassium chromate or distilled water injections and a standard diet. These results are in keeping with recent studies suggesting a more limited role for chromium in a variety of lipid-related disorders.
Atherosclerosis 1986 Jan
PMID:Effects of potassium chromate on atherosclerosis prevention and regression in rabbits. 394 21

Platelets may be useful as markers of thromboembolic disease. When labeled with indium 111 they allow external imaging of localized clots. Indium 111 is much superior to chromium 51 for this procedure. Detection of circulating platelet aggregates also appears to be a simple means of determining the presence of thromboembolic disorders. In response to injury or involvement in clotting, platelets release several unique proteins not normally found in the plasma. Therefore, elevated levels of these proteins suggest the presence of such damage. Platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin are the most widely studied of these proteins, and both can be quantitated by radioimmunoassay. Such assays are now commercially available. Elevated levels have been demonstrated in such diverse disorders as deep venous thrombosis, atherosclerosis and diabetes. However, blood must be drawn with great care to avoid in vitro damage to platelets and false elevation of these markers. All of these procedures are promising at present, but their precise role and value await further study.
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PMID:Platelet markers of thromboembolic disease. 616 74

Chromium ions (Cr3+)evoked a biphasic curve of changes of rat liver microsomal cholesterol biosynthesis using [14C]acetate and/or [14C]mevalonate as precursors. While for the lower range of Cr3+ concentrations the rate of cholesterol biosynthesis rises, at concentrations above 8 X 10(-6) M they evoke a decrease in the cholesterol biosynthesis, up to 50% down on its control value at a concentration of 8 X 10(-4) M. Differences were more pronounced when using [14C]mevalonate instead of [14C]acetate as precursor. The activity of the microsomal enzyme biphenyl-4-hydroxylase showed an equally intense rise to that of cholesterol biosynthesis up to a 8 X 10(-6) M Cr3+ concentration. Above this concentration, however, the activity of the enzyme starts to drop. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and NADPH-oxidase were decreased at all Cr3+ concentrations used, which cover a 100-fold range. Lineweaver-Burk plots of the cytoplasmic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase demonstrated an uncompetitive mechanism of inhibition by Cr3+ ions. The results are discussed in terms of the possible significance of the Cr3+ concentration-dependent effects on cholesterol biosynthesis, with the observed atherosclerosis in Cr-deficient humans.
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PMID:Rat liver microsomal cholesterol biosynthesis and drug oxidase activity are affected by chromium ions (Cr3+) in vitro. 643 2


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