Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In hypertensive disease and atherosclerosis without acute disorders of cerebral circulation it was established that in the cerebral vessel walls there was a high activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosintriphosphtase. In the symmetrical areas of the subcortical nodes differences in the activity of these enzymes were insignificant and not valid. In vessel walls, located in the peripheral zone of the apoplectic hemorrhage and in the adjacent brain tissue the activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosintriphosphatase drops. The existence of a high activity of enzymes in the vessel walls on the early stages of hemorrhages gives ground to the authors to claim that in the peripheral zone of an extensive hemorrhage a drop in the enzyme activity appears in the process of a development of a stroke.
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PMID:[Alkaline phosphatase and ATPase activity in the walls of the cerebral vessels in hypertension and arteriosclerosis with disorders of the cerebral circulation]. 14 93

The presentation deals with the enzymatic spectrum of the blood serum (aminotransferase-glutamino-pyruvic and glutamino-oxaloacetic acid, sera cholinesterase, histidase, acid alkaline phosphatase) in 100 patients with transient disorders of cerebral circulation in the form of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. These disorders of circulation appeared on the background [corrected] of atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease or in other combination along with vasculitis of a different etiology. The most significant were changes of histidase and acid phosphatase activity and an inhibition of cholinesterase activity in ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes with expressed focal disorders of cerebral circulation. In an improvement of the clinical state following medicative therapy there was a normalization of these indices. The only exclusion was histidase the content of which in some cases remained cunhanged.
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PMID:[Blood serum enzymatic spectrum in vascular diseases of the brain]. 62 45

In a randomized design study in 66 hypercholesterolemic patients, dosages of 10 g of colestipol HCl twice daily lowered serum cholesterol an average of 19% more than placebo therapy. These results are comparable to those in other studies in which the same total daily dose was given in three or four doses. The most common side effect was constipation, reported by 6 patients on colestipol HCl and 3 patients on placebo. No untoward systemic reactions or abnormal laboratory data were seen except for a slight rise in serum alkaline phosphatase during colestipol HCl therapy. The drug was well accepted by most patients.
Atherosclerosis
PMID:Cholesterol-lowering effect of colestipol hydrochloride given twice daily in hypercholesterolemic patients. 79 41

An association between atherosclerosis, biliary obstruction and hyperlipidemia has been reported in the literature. In previous study from this laboratory, ultrastructural evidence of coronary artery endothelial damage was obtained in rats following ligation-induced biliary obstruction. In the present investigation, serum bile acids, total cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase levels were studied in association with similarly induced biliary obstruction and related to electron-microscopic observations of coronary artery endothelium. The results disclosed marked elevation of all serum parameters in as short a time as 24 hr following ligation compared with shamoperated controls. Animals exhibiting increases of serum bile acids and cholesterol also revealed severe configurational changes of endothelial cells which manifesed as buckling, detachment from the underlying internal elastic lamina, and vacuole formation. The role of elevated circulating bile acids and hypercholesterolemia as possible factors in producing arterial injury through membrane interaction is discussed. These observations suggest that biliary obstruction, even of short duration, may act as a potentially atherogenic mechanism in the experimental animal.
Atherosclerosis
PMID:Endothelial injury. Association with elevations of serum bile acid and cholesterol concentration in biliary-obstructed rats. 113 4

Ten out-patients with primary Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia and a further 10 with Types IIb, IV, and V were administered with DL-alpha-methyl-thyroxine ethyl ester (etiroxate) (20 mg twice daily) for an average of 308 days. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of the drug on the cholesterol and triglyceride levels, tolerance and side-effects, particularly in coronary patients. The T4 values rose in all but one patient and fell again when the drug was discontinued. In Type IIa patients cholesterol fell by an average of 75.5 mg/100 ml (20.6%) as compared with the period before treatment and normal triglyceride levels dropped by 17 mg/100 ml (12.6%). In Type IIb, IV and V patients cholesterol levels decreased by 69.1 mg/100 ml (21%) during treatment. Serum triglycerides, which in some patients were extremely high before treatment were only slightly affected, falling by an average of 165.3 mg/100 ml (22.8%). For the whole group of patients the fall in cholesterol during treatment was highly significant in comparison with the period before and after therapy, whereas the changes in the triglycerides were not significant. Only one patient had an increase in the frequency of angina pectoris attacks; another showed temporary restlessness and slies, were not observed. Red and white cell counts, differential blood count, thrombocytes, the transaminases SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, urinalysis and erythrocyte sedimentation rate did not change during treatment. There was no lasting increase in pulse rate in any patient and no significant changes in systolic-diastolic blood pressure. ECG showed no rhythm disorders nor any other changes which were not present before treatment was initiated.
Atherosclerosis
PMID:Reduction of serum lipids by means of etiroxate (Liponorm). 121 78

Lacunar infarcts (lacunes) are small, cystic lesions of the brain in patients with hypertension and/or diabetes. In order to improve our understanding of the relationship between lacunes and their blood vessels, the alkaline phosphatase (AP) technique of microvascular staining and high-resolution microradiography were employed in a three-dimensional study of 31 lacunes from 15 hypertensive subjects. A second aim was to compare the usefulness of the techniques with that of routine hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stain employed by previous investigators. Arteries were traced throughout their course. The lesions identified included intimal hyperplasia, hyalinization and atherosclerosis with variable narrowing and occasional occlusions. The small arterioles in the lacune cavities supplied adjacent intact brain. The AP technique clearly distinguished true lacunar infarcts from dilated perivascular spaces. AP and microradiography were superior to HE in showing the three dimensional details with far fewer sections. Four different types of relationships were observed between nutrient arteries and their lacunes, indicating that patterns of vascular involvement can be elucidated in brains of subjects dying with lacunar syndromes by using special techniques such as AP. Such patterns can be correlated with clinical risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension etc., singly and in combination. Our data suggest that the natural history of lacunar infarcts may be changing in two ways--the number of lacunes per patient may be diminishing and white matter involvement may be increasing. Possible explanations for these changes are suggested.
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PMID:A combined hematoxylin-eosin, alkaline phosphatase and high-resolution microradiographic study of lacunes. 169 93

The 3-years efficacy and safety of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor simvastatin (S) (previously called synvinolin or MK-733) has been studied in single and combined therapy with cholestyramine (C) in 48 hypercholesterolaemic patients. Plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins A-I and B, and blood safety tests (haematology, liver function, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), creatinine, blood glucose and thyroid function) were determined regularly throughout the study. Extensive ophthalmological examinations with particular focus on the lens were done before initiation of therapy and at every 6 months during drug treatment. Maximal reductions of mean plasma total cholesterol concentration (34% with S; 47% with S + C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentration (42% with S; 56% with S + C) were achieved after 4 weeks on full-dose therapy. During continued treatment, years 1 through 3, the reduction of mean plasma total cholesterol was 26-29% with S alone, and 31-41% with S + C. Significant reductions of plasma triglycerides (15-27%) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides (10-27%) were achieved in the group treated with S as single therapy. In this group there was also a significant increase (10-14%) of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. In liver aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) aminotransferases, as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), minor and variable, but usually transient, increases were seen. Repeated ophthalmological examinations did not demonstrate any drug-related side effects. It is concluded that simvastatin is a safe and efficient cholesterol-lowering drug for long-term therapy, both as a single drug and in combination with cholestyramine.
Atherosclerosis 1991 Dec
PMID:Long-term efficacy and safety of simvastatin alone and in combination therapy in treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. 178 13

We have used the cynomolgus macaque as a model for the study of the effects of endogenous and exogenous sex steroid hormones on atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. As in human beings, premenopausal female cynomolgus macaques develop much less extensive coronary artery atherosclerosis than their male counterparts. Furthermore, surgical menopause results in a more atherogenic plasma lipoprotein pattern and an approximate doubling of atherosclerosis extent. Frequent pregnancy, a hyperoestrogenic state, results in an approximate 50% reduction in atherosclerosis extent. Physiological replacement with 17 beta-oestradiol alone or in combination with progesterone prevents the increase in coronary artery atherosclerosis extent associated with ovariectomy. This effect is independent of plasma lipoprotein concentrations and appears to be accounted for, at least in part, by an inhibitory effect of oestrogen replacement therapy on the uptake and degradation of LDL by the artery wall. Also, as in human beings, treatment with certain types of combination oral contraceptives results in marked decreases in plasma HDL-C concentration. Nonetheless, coronary artery atherosclerosis extent is reduced in monkeys by oral contraceptive treatment, and this effect is most pronounced among animals at highest risk due to theoretically adverse plasma lipoprotein profiles. It appears that, as with oestrogen replacement therapy, this effect can be accounted for, at least in part, by an inhibition of the uptake and degradation of low density lipoprotein by the artery wall. The monkey also appears to be a good model for studies of postmenopausal bone loss. As in women, surgical menopause results in significant diminution of bone mineral density and bone mineral content. Also, serum biomarkers of bone turnover (total alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and osteocalcin) are increased in surgically postmenopausal monkeys, indicating increased bone turnover resulting from the surgical menopause. These increases in bone loss and indices of bone turnover were prevented by physiological oestrogen replacement therapy. Cynomolgus monkeys seem to be exceptionally useful models for studies of the effects of sex steroid hormones on atherosclerosis and osteoporosis, two major public health problems in postmenopausal women.
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PMID:Effects of oestrogens and progestogens on coronary atherosclerosis and osteoporosis of monkeys. 182 26

Development of the mineralization process in the course of atherogenesis was studied using the cholesterol-fed rabbit model. The aorta samples were investigated by means of proton and electron microprobes, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction as well as selected histochemical staining. Blood serum was analysed every 2 weeks to determine the content of cholesterol, triglycerides, inorganic phosphorus, ionized calcium, elemental composition as well as activity of alkaline phosphatase. It was found that the administered diet did not disturb the calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Histochemical findings confirmed the formation of lipid-rich lesions blocking the lumen of the vessel. The dystrophic calcification was observed only in the atheroma, while in the tunica media a slight mineralization similar to that found in controls was observed after 210 days of the diet. In the atheroma the only phase detected was a defective hydroxyapatite. The perfection of the crystals, as well as the diameter of the deposits, increased during the course of the diet reaching about 2 microns after 210 days. The crystals were not contaminated with carbonate groups regardless of the duration of the diet.
Atherosclerosis 1991 Apr
PMID:Calcification of aortic wall in cholesterol-fed rabbits. 185 64

In an ongoing study of brain microvasculature in humans at autopsy, we had the opportunity to analyze the overall scheme of this vascular supply. The native endothelial membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, is used to precipitate black lead sulfide salt in the vessel wall, rendering the brain microvasculature visible by both light microscopy and microradiography. There are six distinct patterns of intraparenchymal afferent blood supply to the supratentorial brain: short arterioles from a single source (e.g., those in the cortex); short- to intermediate-length arterioles, single source (anterior two-thirds of the corpus callosum); short- to intermediate length arterioles and arteries, dual source (subcortical U fibers); intermediate-length arterioles and arteries, triple source (extreme/external capsule and claustrum); long arteries and arterioles, single source (centrum semiovale); and large, long muscular arteries, single source (thalamus and basal ganglia). The nature of this arrangement offers some protection to certain regions of the cerebrum from circulatory challenges such as hypotension, while leaving other areas vulnerable. The distal arterioles supplying two of these protected regions, the U-fiber area and the extreme/external capsule and claustrum area, also exhibit the feature of interdigitation, which can offer additional collateral potential from one arteriolar territory to the next. Aging, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis can have a significant impact on brain microcirculation. The way in which vascular patterns dictate the distribution of these effects is discussed. The ability to stain the cerebral microvessels and demonstrate the finer points of their patterns in sections and microradiographs has enabled us to resolve some long-standing questions about vascular connections and directions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Features of the cerebral vascular pattern that predict vulnerability to perfusion or oxygenation deficiency: an anatomic study. 211 4


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