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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Both naturally occurring disease processes and experimental models of human disease in the Mongolian gerbil were reviewed. The gerbil was highly susceptible to cerebral infarction following unilateral ligation of one common carotid artery and was useful in studies of the pathogenesis of stroke. Spontaneous epileptiform seizures mimicked those of human idiopathic epilepsy, and both seizure-sensitive and resistant strains have been bred. Perhaps because of its more efficient nephron, the gerbil accumulated four to six times as much renal lead as the rat, and the gerbil has been proposed as an experimental model of lead nephropathy. On standard diets, about 10% of the animals became obese, and some showed decreased glucose tolerance, elevated serum immunoreactive insulin and diabetic changes in the pancreas and other organs. Some breeders exhibited hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex associated with hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and degenerative vascular disease. Although dietary supplements of cholesterol were toxic and did not induce atherosclerosis, the gerbil was useful in other studies of cholesterol absorption and metabolism. Spontaneous, insidious periodontal disease became evident after about 6 months on standard diets, and dental caries were induced by cariogenic diets or by pathodontic streptococci. Spontaneous neoplasia occurred in 8.4--24% of gerbils, usually after 2 years of life. Adrenal cortical, ovarian and cutaneous tumors were the most consistently reported neoplasms.
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PMID:The pathology of the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): a review. 9 95

Serum lipid, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins and plasma insulin and glucose were studied in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) fed high sucrose diets (69%, w/w), with and without added cholesterol. When compared to basal diet, a high sucrose diet with no added cholesterol fed for 6 weeks increased serum total cholesterol and triglycerides by factors of 1.2 and 2.8, respectively. Cholesterol supplementation of sucrose diets increased the serum total cholesterol levels by a factor of 2.2 and decreased the serum triglycerides by 0.47. The serum cholesterol response to experimental diets was reflected predominantly in beta-lipoprotein and to a lesser extent in alpha-lipoprotein. Sucrose diets without cholesterol enriched the beta- and pre-beta-lipoproteins with triglycerides and protein at the expense of cholesterol. On the same diet, the protein content of alpha-lipoprotein increased at the expense of cholesterol and triglycerides. In contrast, dietary cholesterol decreased the triglyceride content and increased the cholesterol content of all the lipoprotein classes. Sucrose feeding seems to increase ApoB more than non-ApoB proteins. The proportion of ApoC-II relative to ApcoC-III increased in each animal on a sucrose diet; exogenous cholesterol further increased this trend. While sucrose diet decreased ApoA-I/ApoA-II ratios, cholesterol supplementation reversed this trend. Dietary sucrose increased the plasma glucose, insulin, and insulin-glucose ratios. The addition of cholesterol also tended to decrease plasma glucose and insulin levels. These observations indicate varied responses of serum lipoproteins and apoproteins to dietary sucrose with and without cholesterol supplementation.
Atherosclerosis 1979 Jul
PMID:Varied effects of dietary sucrose and cholesterol on serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in rhesus monkeys. 11 94

Aortic atherosclerosis is minimal in normal Macaca nigra; development of atherosclerosis correlates with increasing severity of diabetes mellitus. The extent of aortic involvement (plaque plus sudanophilia) was quantified and compared with metabolic and clinical parameters. Increasing atherosclerosis correlated with decreasing ability to clear glucose in a tolerance test (P less than 0.01), decreasing insulin (P = 0.02), and increasing glucose (P less than 0.01) and triglycerides (P less than 0.01). A diabetic index, established as a summation of several metabolic measurements, correlated with atherosclerosis at P less than 0.001. On the average, involvement of the thoracic aorta was about 3-fold greater than in the abdominal portion; involvement reached over 40% in severely diabetic monkeys. Atherosclerosis development is unique in these monkeys since they consume a natural ration low in fat and cholesterol. Serum cholesterol did not correlate with diabetes or artherosclerosis. Increasing age alone was associated with slight sudanophila, some intima-media thickening, and occasional small lesions. However, only with increasing severity of diabetes was there significant atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis 1979 Aug
PMID:Aortic atherosclerosis in normal and spontaneously diabetic Macaca nigra. 11 65

Plasma Lps of the patients on maintenance hemodialysis and the patients with other specific renal diseases have been studied. The patients on hemodialysis frequently showed gross abnormality in their plasma Lps, which was differentiated from the abnormalities demonstrated in other renal diseases or clinical entities. An exception was type-III hyperlipoproteinemia; i.e. Lp electrophoretograms of the hemodialysis patients resembled those ultracentrifugal fractions had been made had VLDL of beta-migration in paper electrophoresis and another had VLDL or pre-beta-migration. During hemodialysis, intravascular lipolysis, accelerated by heparin infusion, affected all plasma Lps, producing an increase of alpha-Lps and cholestrol ester-rich-beta-Lp. The accelerated triglyceride hydrolysis under circumstances of high glucose availability may stimulate resynthesis of endogenous triglyceriderich Lps, which characterizes the plasma Lp abnormality in more than half of the hemodialysis patients. The abnormality may not be attribuate to the predisposing renal disease but due to an accumlation of the characteristic Lp during the course of maintenace hemodialysis. A possible cause of accelerated atherosclerosis in the hemodialysis patients may be the accumulation of remnants of plasma Lp catabolism and the stimulated synthesis of triglycerdie-rich plasma Lp.
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PMID:Studies on the effects of hemodialysis on plasma lipoproteins. 16 93

It is possible to establish atherosclerosis in rabbits by feeding semi-synthetic diets that are high in carbohydrate and saturated fat and devoid of cholesterol. Addition of saturated fat to laboratory chow does not render the chow atherogenic. When rabbits were fed diets which differ only in the carbohydrate component, starch was found to be more atherogenic than sucrose which, in turn, was more atherogenic than glucose. All the diets were hypercholesteremic and hypertriglyceridemic. In another series of experiments diets containing fructose or sucrose were more atherogenic than diets containing glucose, lactose or sorbitol. Baboons were feed semi-synthetic diets containing fructose, sucrose, starch or glucose (but no cholesterol) for one year. Serum cholesterol levels were 155-165 mg/dl in all test groups. The normal baboon cholesterol level is 115 mg/dl. Serum triglycerides were elevated from the normal level of 73 mg/dl to about 110 mg/dl in the groups fed starch and glucose and to about 125 mg/dl in the groups fed fructose and sucrose. Liver and lung cholesterol ester levels were also raised. The test groups all showed aortic sudanophilia. The most severe sudanophilia was observed in the fructose group (11.2% of surface area) and the least in the glucose group (6.2% of surface area). The biliary cholesterol specific activities (after administration of (3-H)-melvalonic acid) were the same in all groups, but biliary bile acid specific activity was higher in the control baboons than in test animals. These data, plus the higher primary/secondary bile acid ratio observed in the test animals, suggest that reduced bile acid synthesis may be one cause of the hypercholesteremia observed in animals fed the semi-synthetic diets.
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PMID:The effects of feeding various carbohydrates on the development of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. 16 59

A clinical and laboratory examination of abnormalities not attributable to atherosclerosis has been performed on 188 male and 126 female adult subjects with hyperlipidaemia. The sample was recruited from 20000 subjects screened at a health control centre who had an initial serum cholesterol and/or triglyceride (TG) concentration above 350 mg/100 ml and 3.50 mmol/l. All were subjectively healthy and had no history of atherosclerotic disease. Known cases of secondary hyperlipidaemia were excluded. Lipoprotein (LP) analysis with preparative ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis was made on all subjects including control group with "nonelevated" serum lipids. Typing of hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP) was performed according to the modified system of Fredrickson et al. Compared to controls, subjects who had elevated very low density ?LP (VLDL) (types II B, III, IV and V) were more obsese, while subjectI B and women with type IV HLP than in the control groups. Arcus corneae was seen in 29% of control groups. Arcus corneae was seen in 29% of controls and in higher frequencies in types II A and II B. A positive correlation existed between the frequency of arcus corneae and the mean low density LP cholesterol in the different types. Multiple tendon xanthomata (n equals 11) were found exclusively in type II A HLP, palmar xanthomata (n equals 3) only in the presence of floating beta-LP and eruptive xanthomata in one male with type V HLP. The mean ESR was increased in all types of HLP. The mean S-GPT and uric acid concentrations were higher in type IV HLP in both sexes than in the control groups. In men with type IV HLP S-GPT was positively correlated to tvldl tg. the uric acid level was correlated to both the VLDL TG concentration and body weight independently. Of the male subjects with HLP 1/3-1/2 had a diabetic or borderline i.v. glucose tolerance.
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PMID:Studies in asymptomatic primary hyperlipidaemia II. Clinical findings. 16 37

Tests were set up on 59 albino male-rats with reproduced functional overstress and depletion of the insular system of the pancreas thorough a long-term (for 50, 100 days) peroral introduction of glucose (2 g/100 g body weight, every other day) and with and alloxan-induced diabetes (achieved by poisoning the animals with a 2.5% alloxan solution, 15 mg/100 g administered in a single dose intraperitoneally). A comparison of the data obtained ascertained the presence of a number of similar pathobiochemical changes in the metabolism, viz. hyperglycemia, an increase of the free cholesterol fraction, a diminution of the bound cholesterol fraction and a fall of the insulin-like activity (ILA) in the blood serum, a rise in glycogen and beta-lipoproteids in the liver; morphologically--a reduced count of Langerhan's islands beta-cells, less intensive colouration of the specific granulation in their cytoplasma manifestations of vacuolar and granular dystrophy of the liver. Further tests were staged on 23 rabbits involving a long-term introduction of glucose (in amounts of 25 g/kg every other day) and a cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis (by administering 0.2 g/kg of cholesterol in oil, daily), which also showed similar changes in the figures of the carbohydrate and fat-lipoids metabolism, such as hyperglycemia, an increased level of total lipids, cholesterol and its fractions, beta-lipoproteids, a fall of ILA in the blood serum, as well as variations in the morphological picture of the aortic wall. The above findings suggest that a protracted administration of glucose can produce both diabetogenic and atherogenic effects.
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PMID:[Diabetogenic and atherogenic effects of glucose]. 17 88

Plasma lipoprotein profile and composition in atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau and atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer pigeons were investigated while consuming a regular pigeon chow diet free of cholesterol. Plasma was studied by analytical and preparative ultracentrifugation and paper electrophoresis. Lipid composition of each lipoprotein was determined by combined TLC-GLC techniques. The major plasma lipoprotein of both breeds was high density lipoprotein (HDL) with some low density lipoprotein (LDL) and no very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Cholesterol was mainly found in the HDL in both breeds (71.7%), and no difference was noticed in the total cholesterol content of whole plasma or in various lipoproteins. The LDL fraction in White Carneaux showed a significantly lower (P less than 0.05) percentage of cholesterol esters compared with Show Racers (58.63 +/- 4.9 in White Carneaux vs. 72.12 +/- 2.1 in Show Racers). In LDL, the percentage of the triglyceride concentration in White Carneaux was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that of Show Racers while the percentage of protein content in White Carneaux was higher than in Show Racers. No significant differences were observed in fatty acid composition of steryl esters phospholipids, and triglycerides in the lipoprotein fractions of the two breeds. These studies show important differences in the cholesterol esters, protein, and triglyceride content of LDL in the atherosclerosis-susceptible breed of pigeons.
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PMID:Plasma lipoprotein profile and composition in White Carneau and Show Racer breeds of pigeons. 17 1

Based on the conceptions of the relationship between energy and adaptation-immunological systems a number of hormone-metabolic indices were compared with immune reactivity as evidenced by skin tests and rosette-formation reaction. It is shown that lowering of immunological indices in oncological patients is associated with a decreased sensitivity of dexametasone suppression of cortisol, an increased concentration of 11-oxycorticosteroids in blood, a higher level of triglycerides, cholestrol, beta-lipoproteins and less glucose tolerance. The use of phenformin during 3 months in patients with atherosclerosis resulted in a considerable increase of the index of phytohemagglutinin stimulated blasttransformation of lymphocytes and rosette-formation reaction. This effect was associated with normalization of lipid metabolism indices.
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PMID:[Correlation between immunological reactivity and the fat-carbohydrate metabolism. Influence of phenformin]. 17 12

The effects of C1-719 on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations have been examined in four patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia maintained on an isocaloric diet for a period of 6 months. During therapy (400 mg/day) the mean plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were reduced by 35% and 15% respectively, while the administration of 800 mg/day reduced these by 49% and 31%. This hypolipidaemic effect was due to a reduction in the circulating level of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) without a change in their composition. Before treatment the plasma VLDL triglyceride turnover, and FFA flux, were higher than that of normal subjects maintained on a similar diet. The plasma VLDL B-apoprotein turnover was similarly higher than in the controls. Administration of C1-719 decreased the plasma VLDL triglyceride turnover, FFA flux and VLDL B-approtein turnover. The drug reduced the insulin response following a glucose load with some decrease in glucose levels. The results suggest that the increase in plasma triglyceride concentration in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia is due to increased production of plasma VLDL triglyceride and its apoptein associated with an enhanced supply of FFA for hepatic triglyceride synthesis. C1-719 exerts a hypolipidaemic effect through a reduction of VLDL production, consequent upon inhibition of lipolysis as well as decreased synthesis of the apoprotein carrier. These effects could in part be explained by an improvement in peripheral tissue responsiveness to insulin and decreased exposure of the liver to high levels of insulin. However, a direct effect of the drug on adipose tissue and liver metabolism has to be considered.
Atherosclerosis
PMID:Transport kinetics of plasma free fatty acid, very low density lipoprotein triglycerides and apoprotein in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia: effects of 2,2-dimethyl, 5(2, 5-xylyoxy) valeric acid therapy. 18 85


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