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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human coronary arteries were perfused under sterile conditions in vitro with blood containing high or low concentrations of carbon monoxide. Lipid synthesis in the arterial wall was investigated by incorporating [14C]acetate; synthesis of the following lipids was measured: cholesterol, cholesterol ester, di- and triglycerides and phospholipids. Cholesterol uptake by the arterial wall was studied by using [3H]cholesterol as a tracer. No influence of CO on lipid synthesis in the arterial wall could be demonstrated. In contrast, arteries which were exposed to CO showed a higher uptake of cholesterol as compared to their corresponding control. The concentration of CO in the perfusate did not alter the degree of cholesterol uptake. These results are in general agreement with those of others, who found that CO significantly increases the permeability of endothelial membranes.
Atherosclerosis
PMID:The effect of carbon monoxide on lipid metabolism of human coronary arteries. 119 71

In this study, we examined the effect of the Maharishi Ayur-Veda herbal mixtures (MAHMs) Maharishi Amrit Kalash-4 and -5 (M-4 and M-5), MA-631, and Maharishi Coffee Substitute (MCS) on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and compared the potency of these mixtures to ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, and probucol. LDL was incubated in 95% air and 5% CO2, with or without 3 microM Cu(+2), in the presence or absence of MAHMs, for 6 or 24 h. In a separate experiment, LDL was incubated as above except MAHMs were added at 0, 1.5, and 3.5 h after incubation started to assess their effect on initiation and propagation of LDL oxidation. Our results demonstrate that MAHMs caused concentration-dependent inhibition of LDL oxidation as assessed by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and electrophoretic mobility. The MAHM showed more antioxidant potency in preventing LDL oxidation than ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, or probucol. Also, MAHMs inhibited both initiation and propagation of cupric ion-catalyzed LDL oxidation. These results suggest the importance of further research on these herbal mixtures in the investigation of atherosclerosis and free radical-induced injury.
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PMID:Inhibition of human low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro by Maharishi Ayur-Veda herbal mixtures. 147 2

Cigarette smoking is the most preventable cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Smoking has been associated with a two-to fourfold increased risk of coronary heart disease, a greater than 70% excess rate of death from coronary heart disease, and an elevated risk of sudden death. These risks are compounded in the presence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, glucose intolerance, and diabetes, all of which exhibit a synergistic effect with smoking. The relationship between smoking and the risk of peripheral vascular disease has also been well documented. Smokers account for approximately 70% of patients with atherosclerosis obliterans and virtually all those with thromboangiitis obliterans. An association between smoking and cerebrovascular disease remains a matter of debate, although a higher risk of stoke and stroke-related mortality has been observed in smokers than in nonsmokers. Smoking has also been implicated in the development of cor pulmonale, but a direct association with congestive heart failure has not been established. Nicotine and carbon monoxide appear to play major roles in the cardiovascular effects of smoking. Both components adversely alter the myocardial oxygen supply/demand ratio and have been shown to produce endothelial injury, leading to the development of atherosclerotic plaque. Adverse effects on the lipid profile have been noted as well, but the relationship between these changes and the risk of cardiovascular disease remains to be confirmed. Notably, smoking cessation results in a dramatic reduction in the risk of mortality from both coronary heart disease and stroke. In light of the fact that the incidence of smoking has declined primarily among educated sectors of the U.S. population, future efforts must focus on providing effective education, including smoking cessation techniques, to the less-educated groups.
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PMID:Smoking and cardiovascular disease. 149 5

Blood flow velocity in the basal intracranial arteries can be reliably recorded using transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography. The utility of Doppler ultrasound in detecting stenosis of arteries has therefore been extended to include the intracranial basal arteries. This has been useful in detecting intracranial stenosis from a variety of causes including atherosclerosis and vasospasm induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage. Changes in cerebral hemodynamics during significantly increased intracranial pressure have also been detected, and have been useful in warning of compromise of the cerebral circulation in head injury. The assessment of the final hemodynamic effects of occlusive disease on the middle cerebral artery can be studied using the CO2 reactivity test. This offers additional diagnostic information in these patients. The direct detection of intracranial microemboli using TCD is also now possible and this has implications in the management of patients with stroke and transient ischemic attacks. Continuous monitoring of the middle cerebral artery velocity has been useful in indicating relative blood flow changes through this artery under certain specific circumstances. By providing continuous information on relative blood flow changes, the dynamics of the cerebral circulation can be studied in more detail. This has allowed the assessment of cerebral autoregulation, as well as blood flow changes, due to changes in cortical activity induced by visual stimulation. Further research on the dynamics of the human cerebral circulation will be possible using this technology.
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PMID:Transcranial Doppler: clinical and experimental uses. 162 39

Exposure to carbon monoxide in our society is a frequent occurrence, from auto exhaust, industrial effluents, and cigarette smoke, and takes place over a wide range of concentrations. It has been suggested that chronic CO inhalation may alter blood pressure, even possibly provoking hypertension by acting alone or in combination with other environmental stressors. Some studies examining the response to CO exposure have reported decreases in blood pressure, whereas others have found increases or no change. Blood pressure in long-term cigarette smokers is generally decreased relative to nonsmokers, albeit a slight decrease. The strength of this finding is somewhat clouded by the effect of the lower body weight in smokers. The increases in blood pressure observed acutely with smoking are mainly due to nicotine. Chronically, the hypertensive action of nicotine is largely offset by the hypotensive action of CO. Several studies support the notion that environmental CO exposure or smoking accelerates or exacerbates hypertension in some people. It has been asserted that chronic CO exposure increases the development of atherosclerotic disease; however, convincing evidence from animal experiments is lacking. Nevertheless, CO may elevate plasma cholesterol and does appear to enhance atherosclerosis when serum cholesterol is greatly elevated by diet. Using the borderline hypertensive rat, an animal model reputed to have increased sensitivity to environmental stimuli, we found no evidence to suggest a provocatory role for CO in the development of hypertension; instead, CO exposure produced hypotension. On the whole, the human and animal literature, as well as our studies, fail to support the hypothesis that long-term CO exposure is capable of provoking an increase in blood pressure, even in borderline hypertensive or sensitive individuals.
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PMID:Is there a connection between carbon monoxide exposure and hypertension? 182 71

Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk and extent of advanced atherosclerotic vascular disease in peripheral as well as coronary arteries. The likelihood of claudication, amputation, stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and failure of vascular reconstruction is higher in smokers than nonsmokers. Smoking exerts its deleterious effects through many interactive mechanisms. Nicotine and carbon monoxide produce acute cardiovascular consequences, including altered myocardial performance, tachycardia, hypertension, and vasoconstriction. Smoking injures blood vessel walls by damaging endothelial cells, thus increasing permeability to lipids and other blood components. Among metabolic and biochemical changes induced by smoking are elevated plasma, free fatty acids, elevated vasopressin, and a thrombogenic balance of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2. Chronic smoking is associated with a tendency for increased serum cholesterol, reduced high density lipoprotein, and other lipid effects that contribute to atherosclerosis. In addition to rheologic and hematologic changes from increased erythrocytes, leukocytes, and fibrinogen, smokers have alterations in platelet aggregation and survival that produce thrombosis. Considering the ubiquitous repercussions of this menace, vascular surgeons should play an active role in motivating their patients to quit smoking.
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PMID:The peripheral vascular consequences of smoking. 206 25

Lasers have been accepted in general thoracic surgery as resectional tools which allow precise hemostasis and maximal salvage of normal lung tissue. Used endoscopically, with or without associated photodynamic therapy, we have provided acceptable palliation in some patients with obstructing tumors of the tracheobronchial tree and esophagus. Cardiovascular uses of the laser have been under extensive investigation at our medical center for many years. We have demonstrated that laser-assisted anastomosis of small vessels is possible, that early tensile strength and patency are excellent, but that long-term aneurysm formation is excessive. In addition, CO2 laser injury of the arterial intima leads to a marked increase in atheromata formation in animal models of atherosclerosis; this may be eliminated with the excimer laser. We have begun using the excimer laser to open obstructed peripheral and coronary arteries. New technology is emerging which allows dual fiber catheters which allow identification of tissue in an artery, ie calcium, atheromata, clot, media, etc. and instantaneous computer sensing/integration which initiates "fire" or "no fire" signals in the enclosed laser system, thus decreasing the chance of vessel perforation. These technologies, in association with balloon angioplasty, intravascular stents, and atherectomy devices are offering exciting alternate therapy for patients with obstructing atherosclerosis.
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PMID:New uses of the laser in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 208 86

In theory, pulses of laser light in the 2-microns range should ablate tissue in a manner similar to that of the 10.6-microns CO2 laser with the added advantage of efficient transmission through flexible quartz fibers. Using 200-microseconds pulses of 2.15-microns thulium-holmium-chromium:YAG (THC:YAG) laser light, we were able to create 700-microns-diameter holes through calcific atherosclerosis in vitro. In vivo evaluation of thrombogenicity and healing was accomplished by exposing the luminal surface of rabbit aortas to the THC:YAG laser. Serial histologic examinations of laser-treated rabbit aortae revealed a time course of resolution of the lesions which was very similar to that observed with like-sized lesions created with the same amount of continuous wave CO2 energy. No significant differences in thrombogenicity nor healing response were noted. The excellent in vivo response observed is due in part to the pulsed nature of the THC:YAG laser output as well as to the efficient tissue absorption at the 2.15-microns wavelength. We feel that excellent ablative effects with minimal collateral thermal damage can be obtained through fiberoptic delivery systems by taking advantage of laser wavelengths corresponding to the infrared absorption peak of water in the 2-microns region and pulsed delivery of the laser energy.
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PMID:A fiberoptic compatible midinfrared laser with CO2 laser-like effect: application to atherosclerosis. 251 80

The permeability of spinal dura mater (SDM) was examined for morphine and tetracaine hydrochloride in 7 suddenly died patients with profound morphological manifestations. Atherosclerosis was found to show an average 37% increase in SDM permeability. With this, the efficiency of postoperative epidural analgesia (EA) with morphine was studied in 32 surgical patients with concurrent atherosclerosis. EA was demonstrated to be not only beneficial for this category of patients, unlike control patients, but followed by a significant decrease in respiratory center sensitivity to CO2. It was concluded that the regularities found should be taken into account during EA with narcotic analgesics in patients with concurrent atherosclerosis.
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PMID:[The effect of concurrent atherosclerosis on the permeability of the dura mater and the efficacy of epidural analgesia with morphine and dicain]. 259 24

An animal model has been used to investigate the effects of cigarette smoke, carbon monoxide and nicotine on the uptake of 125I-labelled fibrinogen by the arterial wall. The uptake of fibrinogen in the smoking group (5.5 +/- 2.8 counts.cm-2 x 10(-4)) and carbon monoxide group (6.1 +/- 2.7 counts.cm-2 x 10(-4)) was greater than the uptake in the control group (4.5 +/- 1.4 counts.cm-2 x 10(-4)) but this difference was not significant. In the nicotine group, there was a highly significant increase in wall uptake of 125I-fibrinogen (9.1 +/- 2.1 counts.cm-2 x 10(-4)) (P less than or equal to 0.001). These results suggest that nicotine, a major constituent of cigarette smoke, increases the retention of 125I-fibrinogen by the arterial wall and that this might be one mechanism by which cigarette smoking exerts its atherogenic effect.
Atherosclerosis 1989 May
PMID:Effects of cigarette smoke, carbon monoxide and nicotine on the uptake of fibrinogen by the canine arterial wall. 271 66


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