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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studies were undertaken on the immune reactions in aging at cerebral atherosclerosis and parkinsonism. With age a number of changes occurred, which were characterized by a decrease in specific and non-specific immunity, against the background of which the autoimmune reactions were developing. There was an increase in the frequency of the detection of antibodies to antigens of the brain as well as in those of the aorta, heart, liver and pancreatic gland. The "peak" of autoimmune reactions was registered at 65 years in men and 75 years in women. There were lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, which together with homologic antigens inhibited the migration of macrophages. In subjects aged 90 years and over the autoantibodies occurred in a lower percent of cases as compared with the subjects aged 60--74. In subjects aged 45--55 with cerebral atherosclerosis the indices under study appeared to be close to those in healthy persons aged 60--74. Still more marked immunological shifts were found in patients with parkinsonism. The findings may suggest a certain role of the autoimmune mechanisms in pathogenesis of some forms of nervous pathology at late stages of ontogenesis and atherosclerosis.
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PMID:[Autoimmune phenomena in the aging, cerebral atherosclerosis, Parkinsonism (author's transl)]. 3 Mar 28

The formation and growth of atherosclerotic lesions in experimental hypercholesterolemia has been attributed to endothelial injury. Many injured endothelial cells have been observed in the periphery of the lesions, but few in the central parts. In the present study, we have investigated the distribution of endothelial cells, leucocytes, and smooth muscle cells on the surface of the lesions, as well as the regeneration of the surface cell layer, on dietary induced experimental atherosclerotic lesions. In central areas of the lesions, flat cells with Weibel-Palade bodies and intercellular junctions characteristic of endothelium, were observed on the surface. In peripheral areas of the lesions, surface cells were more bulging and contained many free ribosomes and short cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that these cells were more primitive. Weibel-Palade bodies and typical intercellular junctions suggested that many of the cells should be regarded as endothelial cells. ANAE- positive monocytes were also frequent in these areas. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine was considerably larger over the lesions than in the surrounding normal tissue, suggesting a regeneration of the endothelial cell layer from cells on the lesions. Still regression does not occur after re-endothelialization in dietary induced atherosclerosis. This contrasts with the development of lesions induced by mechanical injury, and may be of importance for understanding the role of hypercholesterolemia in atherogenesis.
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PMID:Endothelial proliferation and atherogenesis in rabbits with moderate hypercholesterolemia. 721 20

Previous studies have demonstrated the accumulation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the extracellular spaces of the intima of normal and atherosclerotic human vessels. In this study we have assessed the degree of colocalization in vessels of apolipoprotein B (apo B), the major protein of LDL, with cholesteryl ester, the predominant lipid of LDL. Apo B was detected immunohistochemically and cholesteryl ester was detected after its enzymatic hydrolysis and staining with the fluorescent probe, filipin. Most normal intima showed apo B staining without associated cholesteryl ester staining. This result would be expected with LDL having intact apo B; intact apo B interferes with hydrolysis and filipin staining of LDL cholesteryl ester. Fatty streaks and fibrous plagues showed regions of congruent apo B and cholesteryl ester staining in the extracellular space, suggesting fragmentation of apo B without loss of its immunoreactivity. Still other areas of lesions showed cholesteryl ester staining in the extracellular space without apo B staining. This staining pattern suggests loss of apo B from LDL leaving only the cholesteryl ester-rich core of LDL. Progressive loss of apo B from LDL can explain the patterns of apo B and cholesteryl ester colocalization that occur in vessel wall intima. The distribution of these patterns in normal and atherosclerotic lesions suggests that loss of apo B from the cholesteryl ester core of LDL is associated with lesion development.
Atherosclerosis 1994 Feb
PMID:Evidence for loss of apo B from LDL in human atherosclerotic lesions: extracellular cholesteryl ester lipid particles lacking apo B. 751 63

About 42 million couples worldwide, most of whom live in developing countries, have chosen vasectomy as their family planning (FP) method. There has been considerable research on the short and longterm safety of vasectomy. In the 1970s, research on rhesus monkeys indicated an increased risk of atherosclerosis, possible due to an increased level of antisperm antibodies. Later research on vasectomized men in developed and developing countries did not support these animal studies. Epidemiological studies in the US and Scotland showed an increased risk of testicular cancer in vasectomized men. A WHO meeting reviewed these studies and found no logical mechanism for this association. Later research found that vasectomy does not cause testicular tumors or accelerate the development of existing neoplasms. 2 studies in the US in 1990 suggested that vasectomy increases the risk of prostate cancer many years after the procedure. No studies since then have substantiated these findings. Besides, no known biological mechanism or hypothesis can explain the association. Vasectomy and prostate cancer specialists at a meeting of the US National Institutes of Health in March, 1993, agreed that physicians should continue to perform vasectomies and need not change clinical practice. Extrapolation of the US results to other countries is not logical, particularly to countries where prostate cancer is rare. Nevertheless, these recent reports will probably affect FP programs and acceptance of vasectomy in countries where vasectomy is common. Still, the evidence does not justify changes pertaining to vasectomy in national FP programs. Research on the longterm safety of vasectomy should be conducted. In conclusion, vasectomy is still a simple, safe, and very effective FP method.
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PMID:The safety of vasectomy: recent concerns. 832 61

Trans-C18:1 in the diet originate predominantly from partially hydrogenated oils, with beef, mutton and dairy products being an additional source. These fatty acids are absorbed and incorporated into lipids. Their estimated consumption is about 5-7% of total fatty acids, although reliable data are lacking. In addition, large variations between individuals exist. There is no evidence that trans fatty acids accumulate in human tissues. Elaidic acid and its positional isomers do, however, raise LDL cholesterol and apoprotein B and Lp(a) and probably depress HDL cholesterol and apoprotein A-I, compared with the cis isomer, oleic acid. In view of these adverse effects, patients at high risk for atherosclerosis, in addition to reducing their intake of saturated fatty acids and of cholesterol might also do well to avoid excessive intakes of trans fatty acids. Still, trans fatty acids form only a minor component of the diets of most patients and therefore even marked relative reductions in intake will probably have less of an impact on LDL cholesterol than a sizeable reduction in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol will produce.
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PMID:Trans monounsaturated fatty acids in nutrition and their impact on serum lipoprotein levels in man. 841 96

Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most frequent causes of chronic renal failure worldwide. Altogether, 35% of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and a somewhat smaller percentage of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ultimately develop diabetic kidney disease. Early diagnosis is of utmost importance since the development of diabetic nephropathy affects the general health, the carbohydrate metabolism of the patient, moreover it aggravates hypertension and accelerates atherosclerosis. Microalbuminuria is a sensitive but relatively late marker of diabetic kidney disease. Still, screening of diabetic patients for microalbuminuria is of great importance since there is no other screening test capable of diagnosing diabetic nephropathy at an earlier stage. The description of the genetic substrate of susceptibility to diabetic kidney disease would revolutionize the diagnosis and prevention of diabetic nephropathy. Until then, compliance with therapeutic guidelines outlined in milestone clinical studies of the last years may significantly decrease morbidity, the progression of, and the mortality associated with diabetic kidney disease.
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PMID:[Current issues in the diagnosis and therapy of diabetic nephropathy]. 907 51

Classical risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases do not fully coincide with the prevalence of these conditions. Emerging evidences show that new factors may be predisposing for the development of ischemic events. It has been demonstrated that atherosclerosis has a strong inflammatory background; such state of chronic inflammation may be related to the presence of persistent infectious agent. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), among other microorganisms, has been extensively investigated for its possible role. Many molecular mechanisms have been hypothesized to explain its eventual action. Epidemiological studies do not exclude a correlation between the infection and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Many confounding factors, however, make difficult a definitive evaluation of the huge number of data present in the literature. Moreover, various therapeutic studies have been attempted to show if antibiotic treatment improves prognosis in patients affected by ischemic heart disease. Still, none of these trials focused specifically on the effects of H. pylori eradication on the clinical progression of vascular lesions.
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PMID:The role of Helicobacter pylori in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. 1069 55

Scientific interest in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) started in 1987 when Michael Pariza's team of Wisconsin University observed its inhibitory effects on chemically induced skin tumors in mice. Numerous studies have since examined CLA's role in cancer, immune function, oxidative stress, atherosclerosis, lipid and fatty acids metabolism, bone formation and composition, obesity, and diabetes. Still it's not clear yet either through which mechanisms CLA produces its numerous metabolic effects. We now know that CLA contents in cow milk fat can be enriched through dry fractionation, but this knowledge doesn't allow sufficient certainty to qualify this nutrient, as a functional food, capable of increasing well being and reducing the risk of disease.
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PMID:Conjugated linoleic acid: a functional food? 1461 23

The literature data were surveyed to clarify the role of magnesium and potassium in the development of atherosclerosis (AS) in cows and the findings were compared with human data. Special attention was paid to the eastern Finland where AS is very common in humans and absent in the cattle. A hypothesis is proposed that high magnesium and potassium intakes at plant feeding protect from severe AS processes at least in cows in the absence of chronic infections. In about 1500 necropsies in calves and cows on plant feeding, neither antemortem clinical AS symptoms nor postmortal macroscopical AS were detected in the endocardium or in aorta. Also, abattoiries in endemic selenium- and vitamin E-deficient areas report that no macroscopic AS have been found in the inspected more than 400000 slaughtered cattle. In vitamin D(3) poisoned cows AS is readily detected. The milk-fed calves in magnesium deficiency experiments regularly show AS after 3 months of age. Adult ruminating cattle get daily 150-300 g potassium while the need is 35 g. During the indoor feeding period the cows suffered in eastern Finland often from carotene, vitamin E and selenium deficiencies as well as also of energy, protein, phosphorus and zinc deficiencies before grass ensiling feeding started. Endemic goiter prevalence was about 30%. Still such cows did not have AS under such unfavorable conditions. The findings support the hypothesis that the high magnesium and potassium intakes protect cows from AS.
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PMID:Does high plant feed magnesium and potassium protect healthy ruminants from atherosclerosis? A review. 1464

Atherogenesis is known to be associated with the stresses that act on or within the arterial wall. Still, the uneven distribution of atherosclerotic lesions and the impact of vessel remodeling on disease progression are poorly understood. A methodology is proposed to study the correlations between fluid dynamic parameters and histological markers of atherosclerosis. Trends suggested by preliminary data from four patients with advanced carotid bifurcation arterial disease are examined and compared to hypotheses in the literature. Four patients were scanned using MRI and ultrasound, and subsequently underwent carotid endarterectomy. For each patient. a geometric model and a numerical mesh were constructed from MR data, and velocity boundary conditions established. Computations yield values for average wall shear stress (WSS), maximum wall shear stress temporal gradient (WSSTG), and Oscillatory Shear Index (OSI). Following surgery, the excised plaques were sectioned, stained for smooth muscle cells (SMC), macrophages (M phi), lipid (LIP), and collagen (COL), and analyzed quantitatively. Correlations attempted between the various fluid dynamic variables and the biological markers were interesting but inconclusive. Tendencies of WSSTG and WSS to correlate negatively with M phi and LIP, and positively with COL and SMC, as well as tendencies of OSI to correlate positively with Mphi and LIP and negatively with COL and SMC, were observed. These trends agree with hypotheses in the literature, which are based on ex vivo and in vitro experimental studies.
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PMID:Characterization of the atherosclerotic carotid bifurcation using MRI, finite element modeling, and histology. 1529 31


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