Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

So far little is known about the importance of different types of non-diabetic hyperglycemia for the development of macrovascular disease. The aim of this work was to examine the intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA), a well-accepted marker of atherosclerosis, as well as various risk factors for atherosclerosis in non-diabetic subjects with isolated fasting (IFH; n=67), isolated postchallenge (IPH; n=82) and combined hyperglycemia (CH; n=88) in comparison to normoglycemic (NG; n=265) controls. Subjects were participants of the RIAD study (Risk Factors in IGT for Atherosclerosis and Diabetes). IMT in the IPH (IMTmean: 0.89+/-0.02 mm; IMTmax: 1.01+/-0.02 mm; mean+/-SEM) and CH group (IMTmean: 0.91+/-0.02 mm; IMTmax: 1.03+/-0.02 mm) was significantly increased vs. the NG (IMTmean: 0.82+/-0.01 mm; IMTmax: 0.94+/-0.01 mm) and IFH group (IMTmean: 0.81+/-0.02 mm; IMTmax: 0.90+/-0.03 mm). IMT of the IFH group was similar to the normoglycemic controls. Subjects in the first and second tertile for postchallenge plasma glucose have similar carotid IMT irrespective of the level of fasting plasma glucose. The individuals of the third tertile for 2 h plasma glucose, whether in the first, second or third tertile of fasting plasma glucose, showed the same carotid IMT, which was significantly higher than all other groups, except for the one with lowest tertile for fasting and postchallenge plasma glucose. Except for total cholesterol and von Willebrand factor the levels of all other risk parameters were significantly higher in the hyperglycemic groups in comparison to the normoglycemic controls. Among the hyperglycemic subjects the CH group was at the highest risk for atherosclerosis with significantly increased levels of plasma triglycerides, fibrinogen, PAI-1, albuminuria, HDL-triglycerides, free fatty acids, insulin and proinsulin, and significantly reduced HDL-cholesterol in comparison to the normoglycemic controls. In summary, postchallenge hyperglycemia within the non-diabetic range is associated with atherosclerosis, as measured by the increased intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery. Furthermore, cardiovascular risk factors are significantly raised in all types of non-diabetic hyperglycemia.
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PMID:Prevalence and atherosclerosis risk in different types of non-diabetic hyperglycemia. Is mild hyperglycemia an underestimated evil? 1082 15

Sodium-hydrogen exchangers (NHEs) and aquaporins (AQPs) are key regulators of cell volume and intracellular ions both in physiological and pathological conditions. By directly affecting water and ion exchanges across the plasma membrane, NHEs and AQPs, particularly isoforms 1, can also influence vascular tone and the cytoskeleton, respectively, in response to several types of stimuli, such as hypertonic stress. NHE-1 and AQP1 are mainly expressed in tissues of the cardiovascular system. Their excessive activation in response to elevated extracellular osmolarity, as occurring in diabetic hyperglycemia, can be deleterious both for micro- and macrovascular endothelial cells. Although NHE-1 and AQP1 regulate the intracellular volume and ions, they also influence the activation of hypertonicity-responsive genes and cell functions involved in glucotoxicity and vascular injury. Because of the involvement of NHEs and AQPs in micro- and macrovascular disease, including arterial hypertension and atherosclerotic plaque destabilization, research has focused on developing inhibitors of these transporters. We here review current knowledge of NHEs and AQPs investigating biological aspects and mechanisms of their regulation, including their potential as target for developing new drugs that could target diabetic atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Aquaporin-1 and sodium-hydrogen exchangers as pharmacological targets in diabetic atherosclerosis. 2552 1

We have provided an overview, based on the literature and our data. In accordance with the theory of D. Harman free radical processes cause damages that can accumulate and contribute to aging of the organism. Atherosclerosis and diabetes are developing for a long time so they are manifested predominantly in old age. We found an increase in the level of free radical peroxidation products and decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the tissues of animals with experimental atherosclerosis. Similar changes were found in the blood of patients with atherosclerosis and aortic autopsy material with atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, it was revealed that oxidative stress occured under atherosclerosis, and the arteriosclerosis to "Free Radical Pathologies" was attributed. Later it was discovered by different authors that oxidized Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) and malonyldialdehyde- modified LDL accumulated during atherogenesis, causing damages of vascular wall. Under diabetic hyperglycemia glucose co-oxidized during free radical lipoperoxidation. This process promoted the transformation of oxidative stress to carbonyl stress with accumulation of biologically active dicarbonyls, including glyoxal and methylglyoxal. We show that the glyoxal-modified LDL were captured by cultured macrophages with a higher efficiency than the MDA-modified LDL. This could facilitate the more rapid development of lipoidosis in the vessel wall (due to the formation of foam cells) and manifestation of atherosclerosis under diabetes. We found that in patients with diabetes there was a sharp decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes as a result of the modification of the active center under development of carbonyl stress. We expressed a hypothesis about a common molecular mechanism of vascular wall damages under atherosclerosis and diabetes.
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PMID:Role of Oxidative Stress in the Genesis of Atherosclerosis and Diabetes Mellitus: A Personal Look Back on 50 Years of Research. 2767 37