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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Primarily hypervolaemic, high output forms of hypertension, with features indicating or strongly suggesting fluid overload as the cause of elevated cardiac output, resulting from renal disease with reduced glomerular filtration rate causing sodium retention, renal tubular causes of sodium retention, greatly excessive sodium intake and low renin hypertension, can be treated by reduction of sodium intake and potentiation of its excretion by diuretic therapy, removal of the cause (e.g. aldosteronoma), and calcium antagonists. Excessive vasoconstriction resulting from noradrenaline (norepinephrine) in neurogenic hypertension, phaeochromocytoma, orthostatic hypertension and alpha-adrenergic drug administration; angiotensin excess due to renal ischaemia brought about by aortic coarctation, renal arterial and arteriolar stenosis, intraluminal obstruction, external renal compression, renin-producing tumours, intrinsic kidney diseases and excessive renin substrate; and vascular structural disorders such as atherosclerosis, arteriolitides and fibrosis with or without calcification of major arteries may also induce hypertension. Secondary hypertension of uncertain mechanism may occur in hyperparathyroidism, hyper-or hypothyroidism, or acromegaly. All are best treated by appropriate correction of the endocrine excess or deficiency. It may also occur in pregnancy, where the mechanism may involve prostaglandin-thromboxane imbalance or calcium deficiency; calcium deficiency with some evidence of benefit from calcium supplements; and the recumbent hypertension paradoxically associated with autonomic failure. Excellent responses to specific correction of the underlying cause or pathogenetic mechanism is usual in young individuals but less frequent in older patients.
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PMID:Secondary hypertension. An overview of its causes and management. 137 54

Twenty-five commercial parrot feeds were analyzed and compared with a guideline as to the nutrient requirements of parrots. There was a large variation in the composition of the different feeds. The protein content differed from 10.4 to 20.6%. A total of 18 feeds had a low protein content and thus is only suitable for adult animals during maintenance. The calcium content varied from 0.08 to 2.21 g/100 g. Seven out of the 13 seed mixtures had a calcium content lower than the requirement. Calcium deficiency can lead to rachitis, osteomalacia, secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism and hypocalcaemia syndrome in African Grey parrots. With the help of the analyzed composition, the different feeds were judged on their quality. Apart from macronutrients, minerals and trace elements, the fatty acid composition of the feeds was also determined. Atherosclerosis is a common disease in parrots, and an important risk factor is elevated plasma cholesterol. Plasma cholesterol is strongly influenced by fat content and fatty acid composition of the diet. Based on the fatty acid composition, the effect of a diet on plasma cholesterol can be predicted. All feeds had a similar, small effect on plasma cholesterol. However, the feeds differed strongly in their alpha-linolenic acid content (0.03-0.65 g/MJ). According to literature data alpha-linolenic acid could have an anti-atherosclerotic effects.
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PMID:[Assessment of commercial feeds for parrots]. 1468 71