Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A metabolic syndrome associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease has been described in HIV-positive individuals. In the present study we investigated whether HIV-positive individuals and CAD (coronary artery disease) patients have similarities in their vascular function and structure. In a case-control study, we compared measurements of carotid artery IMT (intima-media thickness) and brachial artery FMD (flow-mediated vasodilation) in HIV-positive individuals with age- and sex-matched controls with similar risk factors and patients with established CAD. Seventy-one HIV patients, age 42+/-13.9 years (91% male), were compared with 29 CAD patients and 25 controls. HIV patients had higher IMT than controls and similar IMT to CAD patients (0.64+/-0.2 compared with 0.55+/-0.05 and 0.66+/-0.08 mm respectively; F=4.2, P=0.01). Patients taking protease inhibitors had higher IMT (0.69+/-0.2 compared with 0.57+/-0.15 mm; P=0.01), blood pressure, cholesterol and triacylglycerols than those not taking protease inhibtors (P<0.05). In multiple regression analyses, increasing blood pressure (beta: 0.37, P=0.001), glucose (beta: 0.26, P=0.016), cholesterol (beta: 0.24, P=0.033), duration of HIV disease (beta: 0.33, P=0.008) and use of protease inhibitors (beta: 0.27, P=0.04) were the most important determinants of IMT respectively. FMD was associated only with triacylglycerol measurements. Patients with HIV present arterial changes resembling those found in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. These vascular changes are closely related to protease-inhibitor-induced changes of metabolic parameters. Thus intensive treatment of these metabolic parameters might retard atherosclerosis in HIV patients.
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PMID:HIV-positive patients treated with protease inhibitors have vascular changes resembling those observed in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1825 13

Human U-II (urotensin-II), the most potent vasoconstrictor peptide identified to date, is associated with cardiovascular disease. A single nucleotide polymorphism (S89N) in the gene encoding U-II (UTS2) is associated with the onset of Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance in the Japanese population. In the present study, we have demonstrated a relationship between plasma U-II levels and the progression of diabetic retinopathy and vascular complications in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Eye fundus, IMT (intima-media thickness) and plaque score in the carotid artery, BP (blood pressure), FPG (fasting plasma glucose), HbA(1c) (glycated haemoglobin), U-II, angiogenesis-stimulating factors, such as VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and heregulin-beta(1), and lipid profiles were determined in 64 patients with Type 2 diabetes and 24 non-diabetic controls. FPG, HbA(1c) and VEGF levels were significantly higher in patients with Type 2 diabetes than in non-diabetic controls. Diabetes duration, insufficient glycaemic and BP control, plasma U-II levels, IMT, plaque score and nephropathy grade increased significantly across the subjects as follows: non-diabetic controls, patients with Type 2 diabetes without retinopathy (group N), patients with Type 2 diabetes with simple (background) retinopathy (group A) and patients with Type 2 diabetes with pre-proliferative and proliferative retinopathy (group B). The prevalence of obesity and smoking, age, low-density lipoprotein, triacylglycerols (triglycerides) and heregulin-beta(1) were not significantly different among the four groups. In all subjects, U-II levels were significantly positively correlated with IMT, FPG, and systolic and diastolic BP. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that, of the above parameters, U-II levels alone had a significantly independent association with diabetic retinopathy. In conclusion, the results of the present study provide the first evidence that increased plasma U-II levels may be associated with the progression of diabetic retinopathy and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
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PMID:Increased plasma urotensin-II levels are associated with diabetic retinopathy and carotid atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetes. 1833 83

Current thinking supports the notion that several inflammatory proteins intervene with endothelium and haemostatic factors leading to plaque formation and rupture. Of these, C-reactive protein (CRP), monocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) promote atherogenesis by inducing monocyte-macrophage activation, foam cell formation, platelet activation, tissue factor expression, release of other procoagulant cytokines or downregulation of atheroprotective cytokines such as interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor b-1 (TGFb-1). CRP, MSCF and IL-6 are interrelated and have been found in increased blood concentrations in CAD. Increased levels of CRP and IL-6 predict a higher cardiovascular event rate in the general population and in addition to high MCSF or low TGFb-1 predict adverse outcome in CAD patients independently of traditional risk factors. Moreover, in CAD patients, the predictive value of MCSF is additive and beyond that of CRP suggesting the need of a "multimarker approach" in assessing cardiovascular risk. Accumulating evidence supports the utility of non-invasive markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, namely carotid intimal media thickness, flow mediated dilatation of the brachial artery, augmentation index or pulse wave velocity, in the prediction of cardiovascular risk particularly in primary prevention settings. The combination of these non-invasive tests has been shown to improve their prognostic accuracy compared to each other alone. Although several therapeutic strategies like vaccination against antigens promoting atherogenesis, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, statins, and ACE inhibitors may reduce the levels of these inflammatory markers and improve the non-invasive markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, the impact on cardiovascular risk resulting from these changes is unknown. The combination of an established inflammatory marker such as CRP or a vascular marker such as IMT with novel biochemical and vascular markers of cardiovascular disease may offer additive prognostic information for adverse outcome.
Atherosclerosis 2008 Jul
PMID:Inflammatory and non-invasive vascular markers: the multimarker approach for risk stratification in coronary artery disease. 1837 39

Arterial sites with low wall shear stress (WSS) are more prone to the development of atherosclerotic plaques, as was observed in carotid arteries in subjects with atherosclerosis risk factors. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, hyperlipidemia and other components of the metabolic syndrome, are associated with high risk for symptomatic cerebrovascular disease. It was shown by others that untreated type 2 DM is associated with lower WSS in common carotid arteries. However, the cardiovascular risk of type 2 DM could be modified by therapy. The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that treated type 2 DM subjects with metabolic syndrome still have lower WSS in common carotid arteries than healthy controls. We enrolled 26 compensated DM subjects with metabolic syndrome, treated by metformin, statins and ACEI for more than 6 months, and 22 aged-comparable healthy controls. Wall shear rate (WSR) was used as a measure of WSS. A linear 3-11 MHz probe was used to measure blood velocity and internal diameter in the common carotid arteries. We compared observed values of WSR adjusted for age by ANCOVA. Wall shear rate was significantly lower in DM group than in control subjects: peak (systolic) values of wall shear rate were 410+/-130 s(-1) vs. 487+/-111 s(-1) (p<0.005). DM subjects had significantly lower WSR, because of both thinner lumen and slower blood flow velocities. Lower WSR was accompanied by higher IMT (0.73+/-0.12 mm vs. 0.64+/-0.11 mm, p<0.001). Treated subjects with compensated type 2 DM with metabolic syndrome still have atherogenic hemodynamic profile. These findings might help to understand faster progression of atherosclerosis in diabetic subjects with metabolic syndrome despite up-to-date medication.
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PMID:Lower wall shear rate of the common carotid artery in treated type 2 diabetes mellitus with metabolic syndrome. 1838 May 38

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the small dense LDL (SdLDL) phenotype are both predictors for ischemic heart disease. We examined whether cholesterol of SdLDL (SdLDL-C) is more closely associated with carotid artery intima-media thickness (CA-IMT), a surrogate measure of atherosclerosis, than LDL-C and other lipid parameters. The subjects were 326 consecutive participants including those with dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and smokers. SdLDL-C was quantified by a newly developed precipitation method, and CA-IMT by high-resolution B-mode ultrasound. In univariate analysis, CA-IMT was most strongly correlated with SdLDL-C (Spearman's r=0.441, P<0.001), followed by apolipoprotein (apo) B, LDL-C, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non-HDL-C), and plasma triglycerides (TG). HDL-C and apo A-I correlated inversely with CA-IMT. Non-lipid variables that were associated with CA-IMT were age, sex, presence of diabetes mellitus, presence of hypertension, estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Even after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, eGFR and CRP, the positive association of CA-IMT with SdLDL-C remained significant, and again stronger than the associations with others lipid parameters. Further analyses revealed that the level of SdLDL-C was elevated in subgroups of the subjects including men, older subjects, smokers, those with higher CRP levels, those with diabetes mellitus, and hypertensive patients. These results indicate that SdLDL-C was the best marker of carotid atherosclerosis among the lipid parameters tested, and suggest that quantitative measurement of SdLDL-C gives useful information in the risk assessment for atherosclerotic disease.
Atherosclerosis 2009 Feb
PMID:Small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and carotid atherosclerosis. 1849 90

We describe the case of a young HIV-positive man on effective HAART with excellent viro-immunological control who presented a massive cardiac infarction. Despite the presence of clinical risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the patient had normal arterial carotid IMT values, known to be strong predictors of atherosclerosis and stroke. Interestingly, parameters of T-cell activation (CD8+CD38+) were shown to increase just before the onset of myocardial infarction. As T-cell activation is known to mediate atherosclerosis, the authors suggest that surrogate immunologic markers should be identified to better assess cardiovascular risk in the setting of HIV infection.
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PMID:Sudden cardiac death in a young HIV-positive man on effective antiretroviral therapy. 1899 22

Cardiovascular diseases are the principal cause of morbidity and mortality among young adults with chronic renal disease. Atherosclerotic structural changes as detected by high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography preceed clinical findings by several decades. The carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is being used as a marker of early atherosclerosis. We determined the cIMT of common carotid artery (CCA) in 8 asymptomatic children on dialysis or 12 after renal transplantation for comparison with 30 healthy controls. This prospective study of 40 children showed a mean age of 13.5 years (range, 8 to 18). We evaluated cIMT, hemoglobin, serum creatinine levels, lipid profile, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). The statistical analysis for variables with normal distribution was Student's t test. Parameters with a non-normal distribution were evaluated by the Mann-Whitney or Spearman correlation analysis with P < .05 considered statistically significant. The mean measurements of cIMT (mm) of both CCA were dialysis 0.450 +/- 0.042; transplant 0.467 +/- 0.033, and controls 0.380 +/- 0.009 (P < .03). The homa levels of 2.45 +/- 0.98 for dialysis and 1.8 +/- 0.62 for transplant, were both significantly higher than the control group (0.8 +/- 0.09; P < .01). The Ca x P product was higher in dialysis vs transplant group: 63.0 +/- 10.0 versus 46.2 +/- 2.2 (P < .03). The intact parathyroid hormone levels were 666.7 +/- 276.7 versus 44.2 +/- 2.8, respectively (P < .008). The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 129.0 +/- 23.1 versus 80.8 +/- 10.6, respectively (P < .04). The cIMT correlated with the duration of dialysis before transplantation. Changes in IMT can be detected by ultrasonography in early childhood in uremic patients. The etiology of atherosclerosis is multifactorial in children with end-stage renal disease. It seems possible to prevent or improve the factors related to cardiovascular risk in these patients.
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PMID:Carotid intima-media thickness as a cardiovascular risk marker in pediatric end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis and in renal transplantation. 1901 Feb 44

Recent studies suggest that lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS), which converts PGH2 to PGD2, is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, clinical evidence for the association between serum L-PGDS levels and atherosclerosis has not been reported. In this study, we measured the serum L-PGDS concentration using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and investigated the association with traditional cardiovascular risk factors and surrogate atherosclerotic indices, such as the maximum score of the intima-media complex thickness of the carotid artery (C-IMT(max)) and the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV), in 500 non-treated asymptomatic subjects. The serum concentration of L-PGDS was 0.56+/-0.01 (mean+/-SEM, range 0.25-1.27, median 0.54) mg/L. Serum L-PGDS levels increased with age and were higher in men than in women. Serum L-PGDS was higher in subjects with hypertension and increased with increasing numbers of the traditional atherosclerotic risk factors. When the subjects were divided into four groups according to the levels of serum L-PGDS, the age-adjusted values of C-IMT(max) and ba-PWV were significantly increased in subjects with higher serum L-PGDS levels (quartile 3 and quartile 4) compared to those in the lowest quartile (quartile 1), for both genders. Multiple regression analysis including risk factors revealed that serum L-PGDS was an independent determinant for ba-PWV (beta=0.130, p<0.001). Serum L-PGDS tended to associate with C-IMT(max) but was not statistically significant (beta=0.084, p=0.075). In conclusion, our results suggest that an increase in serum L-PGDS concentration is associated with the progression of atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Association of serum lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase levels with subclinical atherosclerosis in untreated asymptomatic subjects. 1901 1

Breast arterial calcification (BAC) on mammography has been identified as calcific medial sclerosis of medium-sized breast arteries, and has been reported to be associated with cardiovascular risk factors, coronary artery disease, and cardiovascular mortality. Carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) is a well-known surrogate marker of atherosclerosis and predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Consequently, the present study was designed to investigate the association between the presence of BAC on mammography and C-IMT. Twenty-five postmenopausal cases with BAC and 29 subjects without BAC on mammography were included in the study. Cardiovascular risk factors, number of childbirths, postmenopausal duration, and age at menopause were all noted besides detailed physical and laboratory examination. In the whole study population C-IMT was measured with B-mode ultrasound. The women with BAC had significantly increased number of childbirths, postmenopausal duration, frequency of diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, and CIMT (0.87 +/- 0.17 mm versus 0.60 +/- 0.19 mm) in comparison with the women without BAC (P < 0.05 for all). The C-IMT was correlated with age, number of childbirths, postmenopausal duration, presence of BAC, and serum triglyceride level (P < 0.05 for all). Independent predictors of C-IMT were the presence of BAC on mammography (beta = 0.463, P < 0.001) and serum triglyceride level (beta = 0.222, P = 0.042), whereas the only independent predictor of BAC was CIMT (chi(2) = 23.41, beta = 7.56, P = 0.004). Findings of the present study suggest that the BAC on mammography is independently associated with C-IMT. Screening mammographies merit to be evaluated for the presence of BAC, which might benefit cardiovascular preventive medicine in women by predicting atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Association of breast arterial calcification and carotid intima-media thickness. 1903 84

The purpose of this study was to investigate role of predictive value of carotid artery ultrasonography on the basis of intima-media thickness in coronary artery disease. Ultrasonography and quantitative coronary angiography were achieved for assessment carotid and coronary artery diseases in 80 consecutive patients (mean age 57.37 years) with chest pain that referred for cardiac catheterization. Mean values of parameters were recognized that carotid artery atherosclerosis to be equally involved between left and right carotid arteries. Fifty nine (73.8%) of patients had coronary artery atherosclerosis. Degree of involvement in coronary arteries regarding the O-vessel, 1-vessel, 2-vessel, 3- vessel and LMS-CAD were 26, 30, 21, 15 and 8%. The most of patients have 1-VD involvement. There is a significant association between mean IMT of carotid and CAD. The 80% of patients had increased IMT (> or = 0.8 mm). None of patients with normal coronary angiography have IMT most of 1.2 mm. Carotid disease has a acceptable sensitivity (87%), Specifity (43%), negative predictive value (54%) and positive predictive value (81%) for presence of CAD. In patients that assessment for chest pain, increased IMT of carotid artery in ultrasonography (> or = 1.2 mm) has significantly related to presence of CAD. Patients with mean IMT over 1.2 mm, 87% likehood of presence of coronary artery stenosis in our region that must be evaluated, treatment and followed. Therefor, measurement of carotid IMT seem to be a predictive parameter for presence and severity of CAD. This is a useful, noninvasive peripheral marker for assessment presence of coronary artery disease.
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PMID:Evaluation of correlation between carotid artery intima media wall thickness and coronary artery stenosis in Sari, north of Iran. 1913 72


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