Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mortality trends of missionary staff serving in sub-Saharan Africa were tracked for the period 1945-1985. For 1945-1970, when more complete incidence data were available, the missionary death rate was approximately 40% lower, after adjustment, than would be expected in a comparable US population. This trend persisted through 1985. Between 1945 and 1970, the largest number of fatalities was attributable to malignancy, atherosclerosis, accidents, and infectious disease, and the greatest mortality risks, compared with the US experience, were from homicides, the complications of pregnancy, and infections, notably malaria, hepatitis, and polio. Beginning in the late 1950s, motor vehicle accidents became the leading cause of death. Since the 1960s, accidental causes of death have been approximately 50% higher than in the US, and homicides have been four times higher. During this same period, the infectious disease death rate decreased to approximately that within the US. Currently, the leading causes of mortality are motor vehicle accidents, malignancy, and atherosclerosis, followed by other accidental causes, notably aircraft mishaps and drownings. Viral hepatitis is presently the leading infectious disease cause of death. Other contemporary lethal infections include malaria, rabies, typhoid, Lassa fever, and retroviral infection. It was concluded that missionaries in sub-Saharan Africa had a death rate approximately half that expected in a comparable domestic control population. Preventive strategies, particularly relative to accident and infectious disease prevention, could effectively reduce mortality risk further.
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PMID:Mortality trends of American missionaries in Africa, 1945-1985. 162 93

The blood serum of coronary and liver patients was shown to display a similar increase in the relative levels of cholesterololeate and a some what less marked elevation in the content of cholesterol esters with saturated fatty acids. The cholesterollinoleate concentration was enhanced in patients with viral hepatitis and decreased in coronary heart disease patients. The differences were especially distinct in changes of the relative content of cholesterolarachidonate and esters of cholesterol with eicosopentaen acid. Cholesterolarachidonate levels showed no changes in CHD whereas they lowered markedly in various diseases of the liver and biliary tracts. The role of changes in the relative content of cholesterol ester fractions in the genesis of atherosclerosis in patients with liver diseases is discussed.
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PMID:[Serum cholesterol ester level in patients with ischemic heart disease and liver disease]. 652 Nov 91

High serum concentrations of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] are considered a risk factor for premature atherosclerosis. Besides apolipoprotein B-100, Lp(a) consists of apolipoprotein (a) [apo(a)], which shows a remarkable size polymorphism. The serum concentration of Lp(a) is considerably influenced by this apo(a) phenotype. Because Lp(a) is synthesized in the liver, we wondered whether and to what extent Lp(a) levels might be affected by acute liver disease. We compared Lp(a) serum concentrations in 74 patients (54% male, 46% female; mean age, 46 years) with acute viral hepatitis (32, 28, and 14 with hepatitis A, B, and C, respectively) with those in 404 healthy controls (57% men, 43% women; mean age, 47 years). In addition, the intraindividual course of Lp(a) concentration during and after acute hepatitis was followed in a subgroup of 23 patients (15, 6, and 2 with hepatitis A, B, and C, respectively). During acute hepatitis, median Lp(a) concentrations in the patient group were significantly diminished compared with controls (7 vs. 17 mg/dL;P < .0001, Mann-Whitney test). Any bias by an unequal isoform distribution was excluded because there was no significant difference in the isoform distribution between patients and controls (P > .10, chi2 test). Furthermore, the decrease in Lp(a) concentration during acute hepatitis was independent of the molecular weight of the apo(a) isoform. Longitudinally observed patients showed a marked increase in Lp(a) concentration during convalescence (7 to 32 mg/dL;P < .0001, Wilcoxon test). Our results show that acute hepatitis is associated with decreased Lp(a) serum levels. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether Lp(a) serum concentration might be clinically useful as a parameter of liver function.
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PMID:Low lipoprotein (a) levels during acute viral hepatitis. 893 56

At present the disorders of lipid metabolism and connected diseases are studied insufficiently. Some disorders with the basis of lipid metabolism disorders are combined into the lipid distress-syndrome. The clinical study of 60 patients with expressed dislipoproteidemia (48 female and 12 male) in the age 46-79 years were made by the clinical observation, estimation of biochemical indexes, lipid blood spectrum, viral hepatitis markers, ultrasonic and liver biopsy. Obtained results showed that the patients with dislipoproteidemia had the expressed liver disorders which were typical for the clinical-morphological characteristics of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In patients with cardio-vascular pathology, atherosclerosis and dislipoproteidemia in 90% of cases the detected liver dystrophy can be considered as pre-stage of NASH.
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PMID:[Clinico-morphological changes of the liver in patients with dyslipoproteinemia]. 1235 83

The concept that alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is as a toxic disease does not mirror the exact nature of the disease. ALD should be defined as an alcohol-associated lifestyle disease, the predisposition to which is largely governed by gene-environment interactions, much like other chronic diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of ALD need to be re-addressed from this viewpoint. Specifically, the interactions between alcohol and secondary risk factors (high-fat diet, iron, tobacco, medications, female gender) and comorbidities (viral hepatitis, diabetes) are of urgent epidemiological importance. Molecular characterization of the interfaces of these interactions is essential for revelation or acquisition of new pathogenetic, preventive, and therapeutic insights.
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PMID:Conceptual importance of identifying alcoholic liver disease as a lifestyle disease. 1770 Nov 22

Haemophilia patients may develop cardiovascular diseases, suggesting that their clotting defect does not protect them completely from atherosclerosis and its complications. We aimed to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors and, for the first time, the presence of endothelial dysfunction in middle-aged haemophilia patients. We studied 40 patients with haemophilia A and B (24 with moderate-severe disease and 16 with mild disease), and 40 healthy controls. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD), carotid ultrasound (US) intima media thickness (IMT), arterial blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, lipoprotein(a) and homocysteine levels were measured, and PAI-1 and t-PA levels before and after venous occlusion (VO), and antibodies to HIV, HBV and HCV were assayed. At least one cardiovascular risk factor was detected in 87.5% of patients, and 2 or more in 47.5% of cases. At US exam, none of the patients had significant carotid stenosis or significant differences in IMT compared to controls. In contrast, all the patients had a significant FMD impairment, associated with a reduced t-PA release after VO in 70% of cases. PAI-1 levels significantly correlated with BMI, triglycerides and insulin values. Fifteen haemophilia patients with chronic viral hepatitis and/or HIV infection showed a significantly lower FMD than patients without active infection. We found an endothelial dysfunction with impaired FMD and t-PA release in our haemophilia patients, usually associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Other pathogenic mechanisms, such as chronic viral infections, are likely to be involved in this endothelial damage, however.
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PMID:Endothelial dysfunction in haemophilia patients. 1862

Atherosclerosis is a dynamic process in the human body. Many studies have evaluated atherosclerosis and its relationship with other systems in the body. Our perception of its pathogenesis is evolving with the introduction of new players in the game. It is no longer possible to consider the atherosclerosis as an independent process, unaffected by the liver and its function. Although several tasks performed by the liver, such as lipid metabolism, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the role of other disorders of the liver (autoimmune diseases, viral hepatitis, and cirrhosis) are not fully understood. In this review, the most commonly encountered inflammatory liver diseases and their effects on atherosclerosis are discussed.
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PMID:Recent insights into the relationship between inflammatory liver diseases and atherosclerosis. 2144 25

A look back is done to some clinical and basic research activities recently published in medical microbiology and immunology. The review covers clinical experiences and in vitro experiments to understand the emergency, pathogenicity, epidemic spread, and vaccine-based prevention of avian and swine-origin flu. Some new developments and concepts in diagnosis, (molecular) epidemiology, and therapy of AIDS, viral hepatitis C, and herpesvirus-associated diseases are outlined. Regulation of immune system has been discussed in a special issue 2010 including some aspects of CNS affections (measles). Mycobacterial infection and its prevention by modern recombinant vaccines have reached new interest, as well as new concepts of vaccination and prophylaxis against several other bacteria. Adaptation to host niches enables immune escape (example brucella) and determines virulence (example N. meningitidis). Chlamydia pneumoniae, previously considered to trigger atherosclerosis, is hypothetically associated to Alzheimer disease, while CMV, another putative trigger of atherosclerosis, gains evidence of oncomodulation in CNS tumor diseases. In terms of globalization, exotic virus infections are increasingly imported from southern countries.
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PMID:Recent publications in medical microbiology and immunology: a retrospective. 2203 58

The article presents an assessment of degree and type of atherosclerosis of coronary and non-coronary vessels in old patients with ischemic heart disease associated with chronic viral hepatitis C (VHC), the incidence of myocardial infarction and the possibility of participation chronic VHC in atherogenesis. Patients with ischemic heart disease have correlation of atherosclerosis of arteries with age, hypercholesterinemia. Patients without chronic VHC more often give a higher risk of myocardial infarction, especially in early period (1-1,5 years) of onset of ischemic heart disease clinical implications. Patients with ischemic heart disease associated with chronic viral hepatitis C more often have generalized alterations in vessels, multifocal type of alteration. So, participation of VHC in atherogenesis is most probably connected with maintenance of chronic immune inflammation in vascular endothelium.
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PMID:[CHARACTERISTIC OF ALTERATIONS OF ARTERIES IN PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS C]. 2639 Jun 22

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a well-established serum marker for alcohol-related liver disease. However, GGT's predictive utility applies well beyond liver disease: elevated GGT is linked to increased risk to a multitude of diseases and conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and all-cause mortality. The literature from multiple population groups worldwide consistently shows strong predictive power for GGT, even across different gender and ethnic categories. Here, we examine the relationship of GGT to other serum markers such as serum ferritin (SF) levels, and we suggest a link to exposure to environmental and endogenous toxins, resulting in oxidative and nitrosative stress. We observe a general upward trend in population levels of GGT over time, particularly in the US and Korea. Since the late 1970s, both GGT and incident MetS and its related disorders have risen in virtual lockstep. GGT is an early predictive marker for atherosclerosis, heart failure, arterial stiffness and plaque, gestational diabetes, and various liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, other infectious diseases, and several life-threatening cancers. We review literature both from the medical sciences and from life insurance industries demonstrating that serum GGT is a superior marker for future disease risk, when compared against multiple other known mortality risk factors.
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PMID:Gamma-Glutamyltransferase: A Predictive Biomarker of Cellular Antioxidant Inadequacy and Disease Risk. 2654


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