Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004153 (atherosclerosis)
 77,401 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The efficacy of an anion-exchange gel, Secholex, as a hypocholesterolemic agent was assessed in 46 patients in 4 different studies and the effects were compared with those of cholestyramine. All patients had severe Type II-a or II-b hyperlipoproteinemia. In short-term metabolic studies Secholex (15 g/day) and cholestyramine (16 g/day) decreased serum cholesterol levels and increased total fecal sterol output and serum methyl sterol concentration to a similar extent, but cholestyramine was more effective than Secholex in increasing fecal bile acid excretion. In crossover studies, the two drugs appeared to be equally effective in lowing serum cholesterol levels but the patients mostly preferred Secholex. Twenty patients were treated with Secholex over a two-year period. The average decrease in serum cholesterol levels from the mean pretreatment value of 406 mg/100 ml was 15% during the first year, and 13% during the second year. In 5 patients the serum cholesterol was permanently lowered by more than 20% (good responders), while in 7 patients the average reduction of serum cholesterol level during Secholex administration was less than 10% (non-responders). The serum triglyceride level was slightly decreased by Secholex in Type II-b patients but was unaltered in Type II-a patients. At the end of the treatment period, serum iron and vitamin B12 levels were normal but the serum folic acid concentration was reduced in eight of 20 patients. A dose--response study indicated that a similar cholesterol-lowering effect was obtained with daily doses of 9 and 15 g of Secholex. It is concluded that Secholex is a relatively safe drug which effectively reduces serum cholesterol levels in two-thirds of patients with severe hypercholesterolemia.
Atherosclerosis 1976 Sep
PMID:Treatment of hypercholesterolemia with Secholex. A long-term clinical trial and comparison with cholestyramine. 97 43

The incidence of ischaemic diseases in familial hypercholesterolaemia and xanthomatosis (familial Type II) was studied in a group of 158 men and 116 women. (1) Men and women did not differ with regard to the inherited metabolic disease. Levels of serum cholesterol, the marker of the genetic defect, were not statistically different, and cholesterol deposition in tissues, visualized by skin tendon xanthomas, was not sex related. (2) Men and women were different with regard to ischaemic diseases. The incidence was much lower in women, and the mean age of onset 9 years later. Moreover, there was a sex difference in the nature of the ischaemic disease, with a high male predominance of myocardial infarction. (3) Since the major risk factor hypercholesterolaemia could not explain such a difference, the role of other risk factors was investigated. It was shown that the incidence of ischaemic diseases was increased in women by cigarette smoking and hypertension, and that the difference in age of onset between males and females was no longer seen in smoking women. It is suggested that the genetic factor is responsible for the atherosclerotic lesion in both sexes and that other factors playing a role in ischaemic complications including tobacco and hypertension may explain the difference between men and women.
Atherosclerosis 1976 Sep
PMID:Ischaemic disease in men and women with familial hypercholesterolaemia and xanthomatosis. A comparative study of genetic and environmental factors in 274 heterozygous cases. 97 46

Intestinal lymph chylomicrons, isotopically labelled with radioactive triacylglycerol and cholesterol, were injected into normally fed and cholesterol-fed rabbits in order to establish the pattern of clearance of intestinal lipoproteins from the plasma. In normal rabbits the cholesterol moiety of chylomicrons was removed from the plasma less readily than triacylglycerol. In cholesterol-fed rabbits, the clearance of triacylglycerol was unaltered, but clearance of chylomicron cholesterol was further retarded. The majority of the injected lymph cholesterol was recovered in d less than 1.019 g/ml lipoproteins. These observations support the notions that clearance of chylomicron remnants is impaired in the rabbit, and that hypercholesterolaemia in the cholesterol-fed rabbit is due to an accumulation of chylomicron remnants in the plasma.
Atherosclerosis 1976 Sep
PMID:Chylomicron metabolism in rabbits fed diets with or without added cholesterol. 97 49

To prove antilipemic and antiatherogenic effectiveness several animal species were given "essential" phospholipids (EPL) during different experimental procedures. The following actions were studied: 1. Effect of EPL-substance after prophylactic and therapeutic oral administration (dosage: 50, 150, 450 mg/kg bodyweight daily) in rats with acute and subacute hypelipemia induced by triton. 2. Effect of EPL-substance after prophylactic and therapeutic oral administration (dosage: 50, 150, 450, 1800 mg/kg bodyweight daily) in rats with dietetic hypercholesterolemia. 3. Effect of EPL-substance after daily oral administration (dosage: 50, 150, 450 mg/kg bodyweight) on the development of coronary and aortic atherosclerosis and various biochemical parameters in cholesterol-fed cockerels. 4. Effect of EPL-substance after dialy oral administration (dosage: 50, 150, 450 mg/kg bodyweight) on subacute triton-hyperlipemia in mini pigs. Triton-administration causes a greater or smaller increase in all parameters of the lipid metabolism measured. EPL treatment decreases these parameters during therapeutic and prophylactic administration in some cases even reaching normal values. The effect was clearly dose-dependent. EPL inhibit the increase in total lipids in dietetic hypercholesterolemia during therapeutic as well as during prophylactic administration. The effect was clearly dose-dependent in all doses, being statistically significant at the highest dosage level. In cockerels EPL were effective at all dose levels in counteracting the development of coronary atherosclerosis while the effect in atherosclerosis of aorta was less distinct. Except for non-esterified fatty acids, EPL reduced all biochemical parameters measured.
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PMID:[The anti-hyperlipemic and anti-atherogenic effect of "essential" phospholipids: a pharmacologic trial]. 103 12

The serum lipoproteins of rabbits given semisynthetic cholesterol-free diets containing coconut oil or butter or a conventional rabbit chow supplemented with cholesterol, were studied by preparative ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis. (1) All three diets elevated the total cholesterol level but only the coconut oil diet markedly increased the triglyceride (TG) content in addition. All ultracentrifugation fractions showed elevated cholesterol/TG ratios, and this was especially evident for the cholesterol diet. In the hyperlipidemic rabbits cholesterol was therefore mainly transported in lipoproteins with a changed lipid composition. (2) The lipid levels of the "HDL" fraction were more or less unaffected by the lipid concentration in whole serum. In the total serum cholesterol ranges 150-500 (coconut oil diet) and 100-300 mg/100 ml (cholesterol diet), most cholesterol was transported as "LDL" cholesterol. This latter fraction reached maximum cholesterol concentrations of about 350 (coconut oil diet) and 400 mg/100 ml (cholesterol diet) at total cholesterol levels of approximately 600 and 1200 mg/100 ml serum, respectively. At still higher levels of total cholesterol, the whole increment was concentrated to the "VLDL" fraction. (3) With semisynthetic diets in the whole cholesterol range 250-400 mg/100 ml it was possible, with respect to cholesterol, to induce fairly similar concentrations and distributions to those seen in man, with about 60% transported as "LDL", 30% as "VLDL" and 10% as "HDL" cholesterol with the coconut oil diet and 65%, 20% and 15%, respectively, with the butter diet. Such experimental conditions seem to be suitable for testing the hypocholesterolemic action of drugs intended for human hyperlipidemia Type II. (4) Compared with earlier investigations on rabbits, the present distribution study suggests that the degree of aortic lipid infiltration in cholesterol-fed rabbits is better related to the levels of "LDL" than to "VLDL" cholesterol.
Atherosclerosis
PMID:Distribution of cholesterol and triglycerides among lipoprotein fractions in fat-fed rabbits at different levels of serum cholesterol. 107 96

The collared lemming, Dicrostonyx stevensoni Nelson, possesses special characteristics which make it a useful animal model for the study of hypercholesteremia, atherosclerosis, breast cancer, kidney disease, and other biomedical research problems. Hematologic values for the lemming were similar to those for the laboratory white mouse except for smaller erythrocytes and fewer leukocytes. Organ weights, when compared as a percent of total body parts, differed only slightly from those of white mice. The basal metabolic rate, measured between 25-30 degrees C, was 40% higher than the standard metabolic rate for a mammal of similar size. Litter size at birth averaged 2.8 in captivity. The mean life span of 254 colony-reared lemmings dying from natural causes was 189 da. Growth rate was rapid during the first 2 mo of life, with moderate increases thereafter to an adult weight of approximately 70 g. Husbandry requirements included the use of shavings as litter and facial tissue as nesting material, all of which was changed weekly. Oats, wheat germ, rabbit pellets, carrots, and lettuse were offered as food.
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PMID:The collared lemming (Dicrostonyx stevensoni Nelson) in biomedical research. 112 Nov 64

Nutritional disturbance and blockage of drainage of the vascular wall which were considered to play an impoetant role in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis were experimentally produced by aortic sheathing previously (Huth et al., 1974). Alteration of the rabbit aorta following feeding of cholesterol diet in combination with sheathing of aortic segments by polyethylen tubes is reported in this paper. The results were as follows: 1. When rabbtis were fed a cholesterol diet, atherosclerotic lesions formed in the intima of the aorta. 2. When rabbits were fed a cholesterol diet with simultaneous aortic sheathing, aortic atherosclerosis was also produced within the sheathed segments. 3. When rabbits were fed a cholesterol diet after formation of intimal thickenings within the sheathed segments, lipid deposition was scarce within these segments. The results suggest that among the pathogenetic factors of atherosclerosis a disturbance of vascular nutrition and a blockage of vascular drainage may be of greater importance than hypercholesterolemia.
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PMID:Alteration of the rabbit aorta following feeding of cholesterol diet in combination with sheathing of aortic segments by polyethylen tubes. 113 Nov 53

An association between atherosclerosis, biliary obstruction and hyperlipidemia has been reported in the literature. In previous study from this laboratory, ultrastructural evidence of coronary artery endothelial damage was obtained in rats following ligation-induced biliary obstruction. In the present investigation, serum bile acids, total cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase levels were studied in association with similarly induced biliary obstruction and related to electron-microscopic observations of coronary artery endothelium. The results disclosed marked elevation of all serum parameters in as short a time as 24 hr following ligation compared with shamoperated controls. Animals exhibiting increases of serum bile acids and cholesterol also revealed severe configurational changes of endothelial cells which manifesed as buckling, detachment from the underlying internal elastic lamina, and vacuole formation. The role of elevated circulating bile acids and hypercholesterolemia as possible factors in producing arterial injury through membrane interaction is discussed. These observations suggest that biliary obstruction, even of short duration, may act as a potentially atherogenic mechanism in the experimental animal.
Atherosclerosis
PMID:Endothelial injury. Association with elevations of serum bile acid and cholesterol concentration in biliary-obstructed rats. 113 4

The known risk factors for atherosclerosis do not possess the same significance in young people as in the elderly. Hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and cigarette smoking appear to have a greater bearing below the age of 50 than later, particularly in myocardial infarction but also in apoplexy. On the other hand, hypertension is an important factor in the young and, especially in the case of apoplexy, even more so in advanced age. There is marked difference with regard to preexisting heart disease, which scarcely plays a role in myocardial infarction of the younger patient but is a factor in some 50% of hemiplegia cases. Only one fifth of elderly patients with this disease have no preexisting carcdiopathy. The similarity of the risk factors in elderly patients either with or without apoplexy is due to the fact that arteriosclerosis is already established in both groups and the risk factors which give rise to ischemia, thrombosis or embolism assume prominence. The therapeutic implications are briefly discussed.
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PMID:[Risk factors and age]. 113 58

The effect of iron deficiency anemia on the development of atherosclerosis was investigated in chicks. The control group of birds were fed a basal diet, the atherosclerosis group received 1% cholesterol. The lipid content of the aortas of the chicks in atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-anemia group also developed anemia of appreciable severity in 12 weeks. Hemoglobin and PCV were taken as the index of anemia, while the lipid constituents were determined in plasma and aortic tissue for atherosclerosis. Hypercholesterolemia of almost equal severity occurred in both atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-anemia groups. The abnormal rise of cholesterol and other lipid material in the aortas of the atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-anemia groups of birds indicates that iron deficiency anemia did not markedly affect the development of atheroslcerosis; it did not offer any protection in chickens and, in fact, a slight potentiating effect was observed.
Atherosclerosis
PMID:Effect of iron deficiency anemia on the development of atherosclerosis in chicks. 114 33


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